kry.co.uk > Your health

Health information, articles, news and advice for NHS patients.

kry.co.uk > Your health > Metainfo

Your health | KRY

Endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are two conditions that affect millions of people around the world. PCOS affects around 8% to 13%  of women and people with uteruses globally, and endometriosis affects around 10%.  While they both can cause irregular bleeding and problems getting pregnant, there are some key symptom differences to be aware of.

Here, Dr Elisabeth Rosen, a medical doctor at Kry who specialises in gynaecology and obstetrics, gives her advice on how to tell if severe period pain and other symptoms are caused by PCOS or endometriosis, and when to talk to a doctor.

## What is PCOS and what are the key symptoms?

‘PCOS is a complex disorder that causes elevated levels of sex hormones,’ says Dr Rosen. ‘Polycystic ovaries contain fluid-filled cysts known as follicles, in which eggs develop but usually never mature enough to ovulate. This affects the menstrual cycle, leading to [irregular bleeding](/your-health/what-causes-heavy-or-irregular-periods-a-doctors-guide/) and problems ovulating.

‘In the long term, living with PCOS can lead to a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and uterine cancer.’

The most common PCOS symptoms include:

- Irregular periods, long gaps between periods, or no periods
- Excessive hair growth on the face, chest and abdomen
- Weight gain
- [Acne](/your-health/acne-types-and-their-treatments-help-to-clear-your-skin/)

## What is endometriosis and what are the key symptoms?

Endometriosis is an inflammatory condition in which cells similar to the ones in the lining of the womb are found elsewhere in the body, explains Dr Rosen. When these start to grow, they cause local inflammation and scarring. Endometriosis is most commonly found in the pelvis, but can be found in other parts of the body.

Not everyone who has endometriosis gets symptoms, and they can vary over time and between different people.

The most common endometriosis symptoms include:

- Severe period pain
- Heavy or irregular periods
- Pelvic or lower back pain, outside of menstruation
- Urinary tract problems, like blood in the urine or pain when emptying your bladder
- Pain during sex
- Pain while pooing
- Fatigue and lack of energy

## What’s the link between endometriosis, PCOS and infertility?

Both endometriosis and PCOS are linked to an increased risk of infertility. ‘As PCOS is a condition that causes problems with the release of eggs from the ovaries, it can make getting pregnant more difficult,’ says Dr Rosen.

More research is needed to determine why endometriosis affects fertility, but this may be caused by inflammation, scarring or deformation in the pelvic area.  People who have minimal or mild endometriosis usually have a better chance of becoming pregnant than those with more severe cases.

## How is PCOS diagnosed?

There’s no single definitive test to diagnose PCOS, which can make it harder to identify. A doctor will ask questions about your symptoms and experiences, explains Dr Rosen. They will refer you for a blood test to test your hormone levels and do an ultrasound to check for signs that your ovaries are polycystic.

## How is endometriosis diagnosed?

Endometriosis can take 6 to 7 years on average to diagnose.  Like PCOS, it’s usually a multi-stage process. Dr Rosen advises that a doctor will first ask about your symptoms, before referring you for further testing such as an ultrasound or laparoscopy – a form of keyhole surgery – to check for the presence of endometriosis lesions.

## Can you have both PCOS and endometriosis at the same time?

There are people who have been diagnosed with both conditions,  but Dr Rosen explains that while it’s possible, it’s not very common.

## When should I see a doctor about severe period pain?

Severe period pain is more closely linked to endometriosis than PCOS. ‘If you can manage the pain with paracetamol or ibuprofen a couple of days per month and it decreases over a couple of years (after your periods have just begun), there’s usually nothing to worry about.’

Dr Rosen emphasises that if you’re concerned, it’s better to speak to a doctor, especially if your menstrual pain affects your ability to go to work or school.

## How can I prepare to see a doctor about severe period pain – and increase my chance of a faster diagnosis?

Dr Rosen advises keeping track of your symptoms and menstrual cycle to help you spot patterns. You can use a cycle tracker app or a physical diary.

According to Dr Rosen, the more information you can give, the better. ‘Write any symptoms down that you feel may be associated with either your irregular bleeding (for suspected PCOS) or your severe period pain (for suspected endometriosis), including how long they last and when they occur,’ she says.

This also applies to painkillers. ‘Rather than just saying: “I take paracetamol,” it’s good to know how much, how often and for how many days,’ adds Dr Rosen.

## What can I do if I feel my pain isn’t being taken seriously?

Unfortunately, many women encounter difficulties getting diagnosed with endometriosis and PCOS, but being aware of this can help. 

If you don’t get a diagnosis immediately, you should keep pushing for answers, says Dr Rosen. ‘Even if it isn’t endometriosis or PCOS, a doctor will be able to carry out the necessary investigations to understand what’s causing your pain, irregular bleeding or other related symptoms.’

If you’re ever concerned about your period or period-related symptoms, book a meeting to discuss it with a doctor.

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Elisabeth Rosen, a medical doctor at Kry who specialises in gynaecology and obstetrics.__


kry.co.uk > Your health > Severe period pain, endometriosis or PCOS – how can you tell the difference?

Severe period pain, endometriosis or PCOS – how can you tell the difference?

Wondering whether your heavy periods or extreme period pain could be the sign of an underlying issue? Here’s what you need to know about two common, but often misunderstood, conditions

kry.co.uk > Your health >Severe period pain, endometriosis or PCOS – how can you tell the difference?

Differences between period pain, endometriosis & PCOS | Kry UK

Women Health

Women's Health

So far, nearly 50 million Covid-19 vaccines have been administered across Europe,  while more than 23.1 million people in the UK have received their first dose.  Billions more are looking forward to taking the first step to getting their lives back.

Dr Annette Alaeus, a Kry medical doctor and infectious disease specialist, explains that vaccination may be the only road out of the pandemic and that we all have a role to play.

‘Everyone who can be vaccinated should make a commitment to protect not only themselves but everyone in their community,’ she says.

But what happens once you’ve had the Covid-19 vaccination? Is there anything to worry about? And how soon can we all get ‘back to normal’? 

## Will the vaccine stop me from getting Covid-19?

It’s too early to say if the vaccines can stop people from getting Covid-19. The clinical trials prove they can prevent moderate to severe disease, says Dr Alaeus. 

That means people who have been vaccinated may still catch SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, but they’re less likely to need hospital care or die from it.

## Can I give Covid-19 to someone if I’ve had the vaccine?

The more people who receive the vaccine, the more scientists will learn about how it affects transmission of the virus, says Dr Alaeus.

‘In countries like the UK  and Israel,  where many people have been vaccinated, it seems the rates of newly infected people are starting to decline,’ she says. 

This suggests the vaccines may prevent transmission of the virus, but more studies are needed before we can be sure.

## Can I stop social distancing after I’ve had the vaccine?

Everyone needs to continue following their country’s infection-control measures after vaccination – including rules on social distancing and wearing masks.

While we know the vaccinated person is protected, they may still be able to pass the virus on. Social distancing is the best way to keep everyone, especially vulnerable people, safe while the vaccine is rolled out.

## What are the main side effects of the Covid-19 vaccines?

The possible side effects are similar across all vaccines, and they all tend to go away on their own after a day or so. The most common include:

- Swelling or pain around the area of the injection
- Flu-like symptoms, like fatigue, chills or a fever 
- Joint pain, for some people

In rare cases, people can have an allergic reaction. Dr Alaeus says this usually only affects people with severe allergies or those who have reacted badly to vaccines before.

‘The Covid-19 vaccine studies are some of the largest trials we’ve ever seen. We also have huge amounts of real-life data from the countries that have been rolling the vaccines out,’ she says.

‘There have been extremely few serious side effects and those that we’ve seen, we’ve been able to cope with.’

## Why do most vaccines require 2 doses?

Dr Alaeus explains that the first dose usually gives a high level of protection. The second dose is a ‘booster’. It stimulates the immune system to produce a wider range of immune cells and helps the vaccine to last longer.

As time goes by, we’ll learn more about the optimum length of time to leave between doses. 

## Can I go back to normal activities, like work or exercise, after having the vaccine?

Most people will be able to carry on with their normal activities after having the vaccine. Sometimes, you might need to rest for a couple of days if you have side effects like flu-like symptoms. Dr Alaeus advises that there’s no need to avoid exercise if you feel fine. 

## How long does the vaccine last?

Because these vaccines are so new, we don’t know how long they will last yet. Some people might need a booster shot in the future, but it’s too early to tell. ‘Probably after a year or so there will be a need for a new shot, but the future will tell. We need to keep following up with people and collecting the data,’ says Dr Alaeus. 

## How do the vaccines work?

There are 2 main types of Covid-19 vaccine. Both train the immune system to fight the virus by mimicking an infection. Read more about [how 
vaccines work in this doctor Q&A](/your-health/covid-19-vaccination-programme-doctor-q-and-a/). 

## How well do the different vaccines work?

There are differences in how effective the various vaccines are at protecting people from the virus. Scientists call this the efficacy rate, and, with the current vaccines, it ranges from around 70% to 95%.

‘From the start, we were hoping for a vaccine that could protect at least 50% of people,’ says Dr Alaeus. ‘This is the figure at which we’d usually be able to reduce the spread of the virus, so everything above that is an advantage.’ 

## How well do the vaccines work against new variants?

‘This is how viruses work – there will always be new variants as they adapt to new environments and new hosts,’ says Dr Alaeus. 

Experts use full genome sequencing to identify new variants and study how they respond to the vaccines. There is now enough data to show they’re still effective against the UK variant,  but work in other areas and for other strains is ongoing.

If and when evidence shows some vaccines are less effective or even ineffective against certain variants, the scientific community is prepared. ‘We have a range of different vaccines to choose from and they can all be updated relatively quickly,’ says Dr Alaeus. [Read more about Covid-19 variants here](/your-health/covid-variants-what-you-need-to-know/).

## Why should I have the vaccine?

The vaccines may not be suitable for under-18s, pregnant women or some people who have weakened immune systems. Everyone else is advised to take up the offer of a Covid-19 vaccine – this is because the fewer virus cases we have circulating in the community, the better we can protect those who are unable to have the vaccine, says Dr Alaeus. 

Anyone who has concerns about the vaccine should talk to a doctor, she concludes. With the [Kry app](/gp-appointments-online/doctor-app/), you can get medical advice from a GP the same day. 


Kry.co.uk > article page > What happens after I’ve been vaccinated for Covid-19? > call out

kry.co.uk > Your health >What happens after I’ve been vaccinated for Covid-19?

What happens after I’ve been vaccinated for Covid-19?

Thanks to the extraordinary efforts of the global scientific community, there now seems to be a light at the end of the Covid-19 tunnel. Dr Annette Alaeus, a Kry medical doctor and infectious disease specialist, shares her advice on what happens next

kry.co.uk > medical reviewer

IMG 20200730 224911 865[33] (1)

Dr Rhianna McClymont

Lead GP at Kry

## Quick facts

- Most types of back pain have non-specific causes, like poor posture
- Taking quick movement breaks once every hour is helpful for back health
- Exercise like pilates can prevent back pain by strengthening the muscles that support your spine

Back pain can have a major impact on your life, making it harder to sleep, do the things you enjoy and for some, even sit down and stand up again. But it’s incredibly common, affecting an estimated 540 million people worldwide.  And now, with more people confined to their homes, working remotely, and being increasingly sedentary, this figure may rise. 

But back pain is not inevitable and there are many things you can do to not only help to prevent it, but also to alleviate it when it happens. Read our guide based on the best clinical evidence on how to cope with lower back pain.

Most types of lower back pain have no obvious cause (known as non-specific or NSLBP), or they’re mechanical, where the pain originates from the joints, bones, or soft tissues around the spine.    

This type of pain...
- May be the result of poor posture, or lifting something awkwardly
- Can develop suddenly or come on gradually
- Usually gets better within a few weeks — 50% of sufferers recover within 2 weeks without treatment 
- Often feels worse when you move, for example getting up from a chair
- May hurt more in certain positions and feel better if you’re sitting or lying down
- May be caused by a minor injury like a sprain (pulled ligament) or strain (pulled muscle) 
- May feel worse if you’re feeling stressed or run down. ‘Stress may make back pain worse,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont, Kry Lead GP ‘Particularly, if stress causes you to tense your muscles, hunch, adopt poor posture, or forgo activities that would normally improve back pain, like regular exercise’

Less frequently, lower back pain may be caused by an underlying medical condition like a slipped disc or sciatica (characterised by pain that runs from the lower back to the feet)  but you will usually also have other symptoms, like numbness, weakness or tingling. In these cases, your doctor will refer you for specialist treatment.

## What’s the best way to treat lower back pain when it strikes?

For non-specific pain, taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDS) medication (like ibuprofen) can help to ease pain, but these should be taken for the shortest period of time.  Always check the label, as NSAIDS may not be suitable for everyone. Paracetamol on its own is not recommended for back pain, but is usually taken in combination with a stronger painkiller like codeine. A doctor can also prescribe muscle relaxants for painful muscle spasms.

## Should I use ice or heat?

Both heat and ice can help in different circumstances. Here’s a quick guide: 

- __Use ice if__ your pain occurs as a result of a direct injury, for example, after a fall, knock, sprain, or strain. Apply an ice pack for 10 minutes several times during the day. The cold lowers body temperature and helps to constrict blood vessels, reduce swelling, and inflammation.  Cold will also help to reduce muscle soreness. But don’t apply ice directly to the skin as this can cause an ice burn, instead always wrap in a cloth or towel
- __Use heat if__ your pain is more ongoing (and there’s no inflammation). Taking a hot bath or placing a hot water bottle on the affected area can often help 
- __Use a combination of ice and heat__ to help manage your pain.  For example, use heat to warm up stiff muscles in the morning or before you go to bed and apply an ice pack for pain, where there’s inflammation through exertion, during the day. The cold will help to reduce inflammation and the heat aids in tissue healing

## Is it better to move or stay as still as possible when I have an attack?

It may seem counterintuitive, but it’s important to keep moving and continue with normal activities as much as possible if you’ve got a bad back.   

A recent meta-analysis showed that if you’ve got non-specific lower back pain (NSLBP), long periods of inactivity can have an adverse effect on recovery.  The review showed that regular moderate aerobic exercise like walking and swimming, as well as strengthening and stretching exercises, can all reduce non-specific chronic lower back pain by over half.

But while it’s important to have some movement, it’s best to wait for any swelling to subside in acute cases before doing any exercise. 

## 6 changes to help with lower back pain

If you get recurrent bouts of lower back pain, these simple lifestyle recommendations can help you manage and prevent them in the longer-term.

### 1. Stay as active as you can each day
A recent study  shows that leading a largely sedentary lifestyle significantly raises the risk of lower back pain. Staying active can be as simple as doing some stretches or other gentle activity as often as you can throughout the day. For example, if you work at a desk, take a 10-15 minute activity break every 45 minutes.  ’Taking breaks from work to walk and stretch and getting plenty of regular exercise is important for back care,’ says Dr McClymont. 

### 2. Practice good posture
If you’re working from home, make sure you have an ergonomic workstation. ‘A suitably-sized desk and chair and correct keyboard position is important to help prevent back pain,’ says Dr McClymont. This includes sitting in a proper chair that supports your back, feet flat on the floor with your knees slightly lower than your hips and your shoulders relaxed. Your screen should be at eye level, with the monitor about an arm’s length away.  

### 3. Do regular back exercises and stretches
‘Strengthening exercises like yoga or pilates are particularly good for back pain,’ says Dr McClymont. In a recent review,  patients with chronic lower back pain showed significant improvement in pain relief after doing pilates 4 times a week for 6 weeks. One of the key principles of pilates is to work on strengthening your core muscles  which support the spine, as weak core muscles can make you more susceptible to lower back pain.  

### 4. Use correct lifting technique 
When lifting objects, avoiding bending your spine. Instead, slightly bend at the hips and knees, keeping your core muscles strong.  Hold the object close to your body and avoid twisting your back or leaning it sideways. Keep your shoulders level and facing the same direction as your hips. Try to move smoothly and know your limits.

### 5. Maintain a healthy weight
The more weight you carry, the more pressure on your back — two recent clinical research reviews showed that being overweight or obese increased the risk of developing lower back pain.  If you’re finding it a struggle to keep to a healthy weight, ask your doctor for advice and treatment options. 

### 6. Get enough sleep
Poor sleep can increase your perception of pain, while sleeping well can make pain seem less severe, a recent study showed.  If you’ve been having trouble sleeping for two weeks or more, talk to your doctor about treatment options available, like a course of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Read more about [how to sleep better in a pandemic](/your-health/4-ways-to-sleep-better-during-the-pandemic/).

## When should I see a doctor?

If you have any of the following, talk to a doctor:

- A new and persistent back pain that doesn’t start to improve within a few weeks
- Back pain that is getting consistently worse with time
- Severe pain that is limiting your daily activities

‘Your doctor will examine you and decide on further investigations,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘Depending on what your doctor suspects might be the underlying cause of your pain, this might include a referral to a physiotherapist, an X-ray of your back or a more detailed scan like an MRI. Your doctor can also prescribe the appropriate pain medication, if over-the-counter painkillers aren’t enough.’

## When to seek urgent medical attention

Occasionally, back pain can be a sign of something more serious and needs to be checked urgently. Get immediate medical advice at your nearest A&E department if your back pain is accompanied by any of the following symptoms:  

- A sudden change to your bowels or bladder (like urine or faecal incontinence)
- Numbness in your legs or around your genitals or buttocks
- Weakness in your legs

Also, get immediate advice from your GP, from 111, or from A&E if you have back pain accompanied by:

- Chest pain
- A high temperature
- A swelling or deformity in your back
- It does not improve with resting or is worse at night
- Pain started after a serious accident 
- Pain is so bad you’re having problems sleeping
- Pain gets worse when you sneeze, cough or open your bowels
- Pain is coming from the top of your back, between your shoulders, rather than your lower back


kry.co.uk > Your health > What can help my lower back pain? A doctor’s tips

Lower back pain

Over 80% of people  will experience back pain at some point in their lives. But simple changes to the way you move, sit, and sleep, as well as knowing what to do when your back pain arises, can help you prevent recurring bouts. Here’s a simple guide

What can help my lower back pain? A doctor’s tips

General health

General health and seasonal

Iron is one of our body’s metabolic giants. It’s one of the most abundant metals on our planet, with the paradox being that we don’t always have enough of it. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world, affecting around 500 million people worldwide.

## Am I iron deficient?

The only way to really know if we’re running low on iron is to have a blood test. If you were definitely iron deficient, this would reveal a ferritin level below 15mcg/L – ferritin is a protein that binds with iron in our bodies to give us an indication of the body’s stores. That said, you may have some signs or symptoms of iron deficiency:

- Fatigue
- Difficulty concentrating
- Feeling irritable
- Pallor (paleness)
- A sore tongue
- Dry or rough skin
- Dry and damaged hair, or hair loss
- Nail changes
- Painful cracks at the corners of the mouth
- Headache 
- Tinnitus (ringing in the ear)
- Iron-deficiency anaemia

We mostly worry about iron deficiency because it can lead to an anaemia if not corrected. Very common symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia are a little more noticeable and tend to include:

- Fatigue
- Breathlessness

And sometimes:

- Chest pain
- No symptoms at all

## What are the causes of low iron?

There are several causes. Our modern-day diets are often partly to blame although they’re rarely the single cause. Our diets aren’t always rich in sources of iron, particularly if we’re vegetarian or vegan (animal sources contain iron in a form that is more easily absorbable). In premenopausal women, the most common cause of iron deficiency is heavy periods. In every other adult, it’s blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract. More specific causes include:

- Aspirin
- NSAIDs, like ibuprofen and naproxen
- Pregnancy (physiological requirements are 3 times that of menstruating women)
- Gastric ulcers
- Coeliac disease
- Cancer

We mostly worry about iron-deficiency anaemia when we don’t know what the cause is, because it might signal blood being silently lost from the bowel, which would need further investigations to exclude cancer.

## What can I do if I think I have low iron?

If you’re otherwise healthy, it’s still fairly unlikely your iron level will be low; an estimated 3% of women and 8% of men in the UK have an iron-deficiency anaemia, although we can have low iron without being anaemic. If you think there’s a chance, book an appointment with a Kry doctor for a conversation about it. Beyond a simple blood test, a doctor will tailor their assessment to include you, not just the number – personal context is everything.

## What iron-rich foods can I add to my diet?

Doctors find it difficult to write articles that don’t include some advice about eating well. Why? – because it’s so important, and usually a part of our lifestyle we can improve or make simple yet effective changes to. A balanced and nutritious diet is a cornerstone of healthy living more generally, but rich sources of iron are found in many different foods.

- Red meat including beef, lamb and pork
- Fish and poultry
- Pulses and legumes like beans, peas and lentils
- Dark green, leafy vegetables like spinach, cabbage and broccoli
- Tofu
- Nuts and seeds

Sources of vitamin C also help by increasing the amount of iron absorbed by the gut. But when it comes to longevity, many experts would tell you to eat less, and mostly plants. The message being, don’t eat steak every night to ward off low iron.

## What will the doctor do if I have low iron?

It depends on your personal context: your age, sex, medical history, any medication you’re taking, whether you have symptoms of iron deficiency, and what those symptoms are. In general terms, we’ll do the following:

1.	Establish if you do have low iron or an iron-deficiency anaemia
2.	Find out why
3.	Treat and manage the cause

Firstly, we’d organise a blood test to establish if you are iron deficient; but if you have symptoms of some kind or a medical history of note, we might perform several additional tests. For example, if you told us you were tired a lot of the time recently, we’d undertake a screen for other causes of tiredness, like an underactive thyroid. If we then find that you are indeed low in iron, or that you have an iron-deficiency anaemia, we’ll investigate the cause.

This may not be necessary if for example, you’re a premenopausal woman with heavy periods, but we may refer urgently for a colonoscopy if you’re a man. Once we’ve made an assessment, we’ll usually prescribe iron supplements and manage the cause. So in the case of [heavy periods](/your-health/what-causes-heavy-or-irregular-periods-a-doctors-guide/), this would be a discussion around contraceptive methods which can help significantly.

## What supplements are available, and should I take iron anyway?

There are several formulations that we commonly use: ferrous sulphate, ferrous fumarate, and ferrous gluconate. There are reasons doctors may choose one over another, but they’re all effective. Side effects commonly include constipation, diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort and nausea, but people often tolerate them well after some time, and the dose is adjustable. People also report dark stools.

In general, we wouldn’t recommend supplements unless we’ve identified a particular deficiency or you’re particularly at risk of one. If you’re unsure, speak with us and we can advise you further. 

## What are the other symptoms of bowel cancer?

Iron-deficiency anaemia is a finding for some, but symptoms you should speak to a doctor about include abdominal pain, bleeding from the bottom, unexplained loss of appetite or weight loss. But having these symptoms does not mean you have cancer, and we can reassure you if that’s the case.

## What are the other symptoms of anaemia?

There are many causes of anaemia, with iron deficiency being just one of them. Anaemia can also be related to kidney problems, B12 or folate deficiency, or genetic factors (for example, in people with thalassaemia). Symptoms again include pallor, fatigue, breathlessness, and headache.

## What is pernicious anaemia?

This is an autoimmune condition that prevents B12 from being properly absorbed in the stomach, which ultimately causes an anaemia. It’s relatively rare.

## What if I’m worried my child might have low iron?

Symptoms of iron deficiency in children can be similar, but the causes tend to be different, with nutrition being more relevant. Speak to your health visitor, midwife, doctor or us here at Kry.

__This article was written by Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry.__


kry.co.uk > Your health > A doctor’s guide to iron deficiency

A doctor’s guide to iron deficiency

Iron deficiency is very common, but many people have symptoms for years before discovering the cause. Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry, answers your questions

Iron deficiency symptoms & causes | Doctor's guide | Kry

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is thought to affect between 3 and 5% of school-age children in the UK. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls, and people are usually diagnosed between the ages of 6 and 12. But it can affect adults just as much, although the symptoms aren’t always as clear.

If you struggle with feeling restless, fidgetty, and can’t stay focused when you need to, it’s not necessarily your fault – it could be adult ADHD. Getting medical advice can help you understand more about the condition, and what your symptoms might mean.

## Five adult ADHD symptoms to be aware of

The signs of ADHD can vary from one person to another, but the classic symptoms include: 

#### 1. A short attention span
ADHD inattention is the ‘attention-deficit’ part of the condition. It means someone is easily distracted and finds it hard to concentrate. This may be worse in certain situations – most people with adult ADHD find it naturally hard to stay focused on tasks they find difficult or boring, preferring exciting or fast-moving activities.

#### 2.	Hyperactivity
Hyperactivity in adults is often shown through being very fidgety and unable to sit still, especially where it causes problems in school or work situations. Hyperactive people may find it difficult to wait their turn, often interrupting in conversations, and can be very impulsive, even to the point where it can get them into dangerous situations.

#### 3.	Mood swings
Adults with ADHD often have trouble with mood swings and irritability – it’s easy to get frustrated when you’re finding it difficult to focus. 

#### 4. Difficulty organising your life
ADHD inattention makes it difficult to organise your day and keep on top of things, whether you’re at home or at work. You might also seem quite forgetful, losing keys and missing appointments! 

#### 5.	Extreme impulsiveness
People with ADHD sometimes seem to have a lack of awareness of the dangers of certain situations – adult ADHD is often a cause of dangerous driving, and with taking serious financial or physical risks. 

ADHD is closely linked with some mental health conditions, particularly depression, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This is probably because adults with ADHD can have different patterns of thought that make them more likely to also have one of these conditions. It might also be partly because life with ADHD – particularly before a diagnosis – can cause strain. The condition can affect lots of aspects of a person’s life, including how much they feel they’ve achieved their potential.

## What’s different about ADHD in women?

Girls and boys, women and men, often have differing patterns of ADHD – the reasons for this are not completely clear and are likely to be complex, with unconscious coping mechanisms matching people’s expectations of normal behaviour for each person. Broadly, a man with ADHD may show more of the hyperactive signs, where women with ADHD may struggle more with attention deficit.

The signs of ADHD in women may be less obvious to an onlooker, which can mean women find it harder to get a diagnosis. This might partly explain why there are so many more men than women with a proper diagnosis, though genetic factors also affect a person’s likelihood of developing ADHD. Some things which make it harder to get a diagnosis might include the coping strategies they’ve developed, and their own and other people’s ideas.

## I think I have adult ADHD – should I see a doctor?

Adults with ADHD have often learned coping mechanisms and strategies, so the signs of ADHD can be even more varied, and sometimes quite subtle, in adults. But although ADHD is thought of as a condition affecting young people at school, people who are diagnosed later in life can find that having the diagnosis helps them better understand and manage behaviours and feelings they’ve found troublesome in the past.
A GP will need to know what adult ADHD signs and symptoms you’re worried about, so it can be useful to keep a diary or make a list of symptoms to talk to the doctor about.  

Being aware of the symptoms can help you work out how long you might have had them, which can help a doctor understand the effect the symptoms are having on your life. 

Some ADHD symptoms could also point to some other conditions to do with behaviour and mental health, so consulting a GP is really important. Make sure you’re properly assessed as different conditions might need different treatments or management plans.

ADHD can have a huge effect on a person’s home, school, and work life, so if you’ve got any concerns you should see a GP as soon as you can. Having the right diagnosis can help you get treatment and support which can make all the difference if you and your family are living with ADHD. 


kry.co.uk > Your health > A guide to ADHD in adults

A guide to ADHD in adults

As awareness of ADHD is improving, more and more people are noticing signs of ADHD as an adult. Here’s how to spot ADHD in adults, and what can be done to manage it.

Adult ADHD Signs & Symptoms | Kry

Reviewer > Dr Rhianna

Family

Family health

## Quick facts

- Pelvic pain is widespread, and chronic pain affects 1 in 6 women
- Women are less likely to report chest pain and more likely to dismiss heart disease symptoms than men
- Ovarian cancer is often diagnosed at a late stage, despite being one of the most common gynaecological cancers

If you’ve ever found yourself dismissing or brushing off a health symptom, you’re not alone. Lots of women feel embarrassed, anxious or scared of being judged when it comes to speaking up about certain health issues.

Many female conditions can also be harder to identify – like endometriosis, a debilitating condition that affects 10 percent of women in the reproductive age group worldwide  and takes an average of 7.5 years from the onset of symptoms to get a diagnosis. 

This likely stems from the historic gender inequality within the world of healthcare. ‘For years, women’s health has been under-prioritised, meaning it may take longer to get a diagnosis, and until recently clinical trials were mainly conducted on men,’ says Dr Elisabeth Rosen, a medical doctor at Kry who specialises in gynaecology and obstetrics.

‘It’s important to always put your health first as you only have one body and it’s supposed to last for a very long time. You should always speak to a doctor if you have an issue with anything that you don’t feel familiar with or are worried about.’

Here are some key women’s health symptoms that you shouldn’t ignore.

## 1.	Breast changes

Regularly examining your breasts is an important way to detect breast cancer. It’s now the world’s most commonly diagnosed cancer. 

‘It’s very important to check for changes in your breasts,’ says Dr Rosen. ‘Every woman should examine their breasts once a month at the same point in their menstrual cycle. It’s the most important life insurance a woman can give herself.’ 

A breast lump is the most recognisable  (and common ) [sign of breast cancer](/your-health/are-you-checking-your-breasts-correctly-a-doctors-guide/). Reassuringly, most breast lumps are not cancerous.  Other breast changes to look out for include:

- The shape and size of your breasts
- A lump or swelling in your armpit
- Discharge from your nipples
- Thickening or dimpling of the skin
- An inverted nipple
- Red areas
- A rash

‘If you notice any changes, it’s worth getting them checked out by a doctor,’ advises Dr Rosen.

## 2.	Discomfort or pain in your chest

If you experience discomfort or pain in your chest, this may be an indicator of something more serious. If it suddenly occurs and doesn’t go away, it may even be a sign of a heart attack. 

‘The most common heart attack symptoms for women include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, lethargy, and pain radiating in the arms, back, jaw and neck. You could also suffer from a sensation of heaviness and pressure on your chest,’ says Dr Rosen. ‘Get emergency help straight away if you feel any strange sensations in your chest.’

Despite coronary heart disease (CHD) being the single biggest killer of women worldwide,  women are less likely to report chest pain and more likely to dismiss symptoms. They’re also 50 percent more likely than men to be initially misdiagnosed when it comes to heart attacks. 

Dr Rosen points out that chest pain could also indicate a lung embolism, which affects more women than men and requires urgent medical assistance, as it can be life-threatening.

## 3.	Heavy or irregular bleeding

There are many factors that affect your menstrual cycle, including stress, weight loss and doing too much exercise.  But if your periods are heavier than normal and you have irregular bleeding, it’s a good idea to discuss this with a doctor.

‘With abnormal bleeding, it’s important to get it checked as there could be an underlying condition that needs to be treated. Apart from being an inconvenience, heavy bleeding can cause anaemia and can also be a sign of fibroids, polyps, or womb or cervical cancer,’ says Dr Rosen.

‘Irregular bleeding is usually related to your menstrual cycle not working properly. Polycystic ovary syndrome, sexually transmitted infections (STI), ovarian cysts, benign growths in the womb or the lining of the cervix, or cervical or womb cancer can all cause irregular bleeding.’

She also recommends seeing a GP straight away if you have postmenopausal bleeding, as this is abnormal.

## 4.	Bloating

Feeling bloated occasionally isn’t necessarily something to worry about, but it’s important to know that increased abdominal size is one of the main signs of ovarian cancer.  Unfortunately, ovarian cancer is often diagnosed at a late stage and there’s generally a low awareness of the risk factors and symptoms,  even though it’s one of the most common gynaecological cancers. 

‘Ovarian cancer is a harder condition to identify,’ says Dr Rosen. Other associated symptoms of ovarian cancer to look out for include:

- Lower abdominal pain
- Irregular bleeding
- Increased urinary urgency
- Lower back pain
- Loss of appetite
- Feeling full when eating
- Weight loss
- Changes in your bowel habits

Other common causes of bloating include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), food intolerance and constipation. 

## 5.	A persistent low mood

[Depression](/your-health/help-for-depression-7-daily-tools-to-improve-your-mood/) appears to be more prevalent in women.  The signs and symptoms to be aware of include a persistent low mood, irritability, low energy and difficulty concentrating and sleeping. 

‘Depression is a condition that needs to be treated, so it’s important to discuss it with a doctor. [Postnatal depression](/your-health/help-for-postnatal-depression/) is an underdiagnosed condition and many women feel ashamed about getting help because the expectations placed on a new mother can be high,’ says Dr Rosen.

## 6.	Abnormal discharge

Vaginal discharge is something that most women experience, and it’s needed to keep the vagina moist and protect against infections.  According to Dr Rosen, healthy discharge doesn’t have a smell and is either clear or white. It’s also common to see changes in the amount and consistency throughout your menstrual cycle. 

‘If you’re experiencing discharge that is unusual for you, speak to a GP,’ says Dr Rosen. ‘Abnormal discharge could be a sign of an infection.’ Common infections like thrush can often be treated with over-the-counter medicine.  But abnormal discharge can also be a symptom of an STI, like gonorrhoea or chlamydia. If these STIs are left untreated, they can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can lead to damage to the reproductive organs  and sometimes infertility. 

‘It’s important not to ignore symptoms because if infections are ruled out, abnormal discharge could be a sign of cervical cancer,’ says Dr Rosen.

## 7.	Pelvic pain

Pelvic pain is widespread and chronic pain affects 1 in 6 women.  ‘Common causes of pelvic pain include ovulation, endometriosis, [a urinary tract infection (UTI)](/your-health/utis-your-questions-answered/) or PID. If you’re pregnant, pelvic pain can be caused by an ectopic miscarriage, miscarriage or premature labour. Other causes include ovarian cysts, IBS, constipation, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel diseases and ovarian cancer,’ says Dr Rosen. ‘If you have sudden, severe and long-term pelvic pain, seek an appointment with a GP.’

Learn more about what causes [abdominal pain in women](/your-health/what-causes-lower-abdominal-pain-in-women/). 

## 8.	Pain during intercourse

Nearly 3 out of 4 women experience painful sex at some point in their lives.  ‘Pain during intercourse isn’t normal, but many women suffer from it from an early age and often don’t seek help due to embarrassment,’ says Dr Rosen. 

There are a variety of reasons why sex may be painful, including:

- Endometriosis
- Vaginal dryness
- Atrophic vaginitis (thinning and drying of the vaginal walls, which occurs most often after menopause)
- PID
- Ovarian cysts
- Fibroids
- Infections
- Vulvodynia (vulval pain)
- Vaginismus

‘Discuss it with a doctor and they’ll help determine the cause of your pain,’ advises Dr Rosen.

## 9.	An intense headache

The leading symptom of a migraine is an intense headache on one side of the head.  Women experience migraines 3 times as often as men.  According to Dr Rosen, it’s partly due to oestrogen levels changing, so many women will experience it at the same time in their menstrual cycle each month or during [perimenopause](/your-health/7-signs-of-perimenopause-a-doctors-guide/). 

‘Additional symptoms of a migraine include nausea, visual disturbances and increased sensitivity to light. Sometimes you may also experience sweating, diarrhoea and poor concentration. In very severe cases, your nervous system can be affected – you may have problems speaking properly or you may become dizzy and lose consciousness. It’s important to seek help to rule out other conditions like a tumour,’ says Dr Rosen.

Discover what other [types of headaches](/your-health/9-types-of-headache-and-what-you-can-do/) might mean.

## 10.	Ongoing fatigue

While it’s very common for people to feel tired, if you’re experiencing ongoing fatigue, your body may be trying to tell you something is wrong. Dr Rosen suggests that there could be many different reasons for your fatigue, including:

- Iron deficiency
- Lack of vitamin D
- Depression
- Heart disease
- Lack of quality sleep

‘[Fatigue ](/your-health/whats-causing-your-tiredness/)is one of the main symptoms of an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), an autoimmune disease that mainly affects women. The condition has symptoms of tiredness, feeling cold, lack of concentration, depression, dry skin, brittle hair and nails, constipation, weight gain, a low heart rate and muscle pain and weakness. Speak to a GP if you’re experiencing these symptoms.’

Book a meeting to discuss any symptoms or issues that you’re worried about with a doctor.

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Elisabeth Rosen, a medical doctor at Kry who specialises in gynaecology and obstetrics.__


Kry.co.uk > Your health > 10 women’s health symptoms you should always talk to a doctor about

10 women’s health symptoms you should always talk to a doctor about

It may be tempting to dismiss health symptoms that seem minor, but there are some issues you shouldn’t ignore. Dr Elisabeth Rosen, a Kry doctor who specialises in gynaecology and obstetrics, shares her advice on the women’s health issues to be aware of

## Quick facts
-	Research suggests it takes around 90 seconds for angry feelings to subside
-	Anger activates the fear centre in the brain, making it hard to think clearly
-	It may also mask feelings of disappointment or sadness
-	Being silent when you’re angry can become passive-aggression — being assertive instead is helpful

You don’t have to look far to see that anger is one of the prevailing emotions right now. With nearly a year of restrictions, lockdowns and negative news stories, the inevitable worry, anxiety, stress and frustration is causing more people to feel angry. 

A recent UK study  found that the coronavirus crisis has led to an increase in anger, arguments and confrontations. More than half of the population said they’ve felt angry with other people as a result of their behaviour in relation to the crisis. 

## Why do we get angry?

Feelings of anger can arise if you’re stressed, overwhelmed, fearful, under pressure, threatened, frustrated and powerless or when your expectations are not being met.  

But anger also often masks other emotions like sadness or disappointment, which is why it’s sometimes referred to as a ‘gateway’ emotion. ‘Anger can mask feelings you either don’t want to feel, don’t know how to deal with, or you’re not fully aware of,’ explains Madeleine Gauffin, Licensed Psychologist and Psychotherapist at Livi. 

There may be biological causes too, for example some people get angry when they’re hungry, have been drinking alcohol or haven’t had enough sleep.

## What happens in the brain and body when we get angry?

Anger activates the amygdala  (the part of the brain where you process emotions like anxiety, stress and fear) and this stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, triggering the ‘fight or flight’ response. ‘When you’re in this state of “survival” mode your amygdala takes control or hijacks your brain,’ Gauffin explains. ‘There’s no time for calm, measured thought which makes it much harder to think clearly and easier to react impulsively.’ 

## Is there such a thing as good and bad anger?

‘Anger isn’t always bad,’ says Gauffin. ‘It can be healthy, for example, if you feel your boundaries are being crossed, or someone is being abusive. Your anger alerts you that something isn’t right and can motivate you to take action or move on.’ 

Being silent when you’re angry isn’t always helpful though. ‘Passive aggression is where you sulk, stonewall, patronise, undermine, use sarcasm and evasion, instead of saying how you really feel, so it is still a form of anger. 

‘Being assertive is the healthiest, most effective way of communicating your thoughts, feelings and needs,’ says Gauffin. That means feeling your anger, calming it down and responding when you feel ready. 

## What are the signs that my anger is a problem?

‘If anger is not addressed, it can have a negative impact on relationships, family, friends and work colleagues,’ says Gauffin.  

Here are some of the signs  that anger may be a problem, for you or someone close to you:

- Not being able to express emotions in a calm and healthy way
- Struggling to compromise without getting angry
- Becoming angry or violent after drinking alcohol
- Ignoring people or refusing to speak to them
- Outward aggression — for example by shouting, swearing, being physically violent or threatening. Read more about the [signs of emotional abuse ](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/10-signs-of-emotional-abuse-in-a-relationship/)
- Turning aggression inwards – this can lead to depression, isolation and self-harm

Here are the red flag symptoms that show you, or your partner, needs to seek help for anger issues:

- Blowing up over little things
- Frequent outbursts of anger and rage that seem to spring from nowhere
- Resorting to physical violence, intimidation and threats — this is never acceptable
- Always blaming the other person
- Not taking responsibility for your reactions
- Breaking things
- Anger has led to being arrested
- Constant arguments with family and friends

## 7 ways to manage anger 

If you have repeated anger problems, or someone close to you has, you might want to consider seeing a psychologist who can help you to manage your feelings in a healthier way, says Gauffin. 

‘How we learn to cope with anger is often influenced by upbringing. If you grew up in a violent, aggressive environment, you’re more likely to react with anger in an inappropriate way,’ she says. 

‘Or, alternatively, you may find anger so destructive that you avoid conflict and are afraid to acknowledge your own anger, because you associate anger with being out of control. 

‘Likewise, if you were never allowed to show your feelings, you may have a tendency to suppress anger or turn it inwards. But this can turn into depression.’

Here are some suggestions for positive ways to deal with anger.

#### Long-term fixes:

### 1.	Get to know your emotional patterns

‘A psychologist can help you recognise the signals of anger in your body and the behaviour patterns that you fall into whenever you feel angry,’ says Gauffin. ‘They can also help you to explore underlying emotions like sadness, low self-esteem, disappointment or frustration that may be fuelling your anger. This will help you to get to the root of your anger and learn more effective ways to express how you feel.’

### 2.	Try Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

‘CBT techniques can help you change how you react to certain situations that trigger your anger,’ Gauffin asserts. ‘A psychologist can also help you develop a greater awareness of what your anger flash points are and what you can do to manage them in a calmer, more measured way.’

### 3.	Learn to manage stress and anxiety better

‘Stress and anxiety can cause you to feel overwhelmed and this can exacerbate anger issues,’ says Gauffin. ‘Learning stress management techniques like focused breathing exercises, visualisation, meditation, progressive muscle relaxation and mind-body exercises such as yoga or tai chi, can give you tools to help you manage stress before it can overwhelm you.’ Read more about [breathing exercises to help you manage stress](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/3-breathing-exercises-a-psychologist-recommends/). 

#### Short-term fixes:

### 4.	The 90-second anger fix

Next time you feel angry, count to 90 before you react. Neuroscience suggests that it takes 90 seconds for feelings of anger to subside.  If you can remain calm during this time, the brain circuitry that anger stimulates settles down and this de-escalates your reaction. From that point, you’re better placed to respond calmly, rather than reacting without thinking it through.

### 5.	Get to know your anger warning signs

Learn to recognise how anger feels in your body.  So, you can take steps to manage anger and calm down before it gets out of control. This may include:

- Knots in your stomach
- Breathing faster
- Clenching your hands or jaw
- Pounding heart
- Tensing your shoulders
- Feeling restless

When you start to feel like this, the best thing you can do is to take time out — walk away, do a breathing exercise, listen to some calming music, talk to a friend who will listen. Or tune into a meditation app where you can access calming techniques and meditations to specifically manage your anger.

### 6.	Breathe away tension

The quickest way to reduce tension and stress and lower adrenaline levels when you’re feeling angry is to focus on your breathing, ideally trying to lengthen your exhalation, which has a calming effect on the brain.  

__Try this exercise:__ Slowly breathe in through your nose, counting to 4 as you do so. Pause a moment or two and breathe out through your mouth, slowly counting to 8. Repeat until you feel calmer

### 7.	Help for when someone else gets angry

- Stay calm. This may be difficult but it’s important you stay calm to stop anger escalating.
- Listen and let someone have their say. Often when people feel they are being listened to, they feel better understood and this helps to calm their anger.
- Take time out. ‘If things get too heated, suggest time out, where you go away until the person has calmed down,’ says Gauffin. ‘Say something like “I’m going for a walk, and we can talk again when I come back.”
- Set boundaries by stating clearly and calmly the actions, words and behaviours you will and will not accept.
- And always walk away or call for help if someone’s behaviour makes you feel unsafe.

__This article has been approved by Madeleine Gauffin, Licensed Psychologist and Psychotherapist at Livi.__


Livi.co.uk > Your health > How to cope with anger – in yourself and those close to you 

Anger 1600x900

Angry feelings are natural, but learning to manage them can help you avoid outbursts. Madeleine Gauffin, Licensed Psychologist and Psychotherapist at Kry, offers her advice around dealing with anger, with both short and longer-term tips

Kry.co.uk > Your health > How to cope with anger – in yourself and those close to you 

How to cope with anger – in yourself and those close to you 

A good night’s sleep helps you wake feeling refreshed and ready for the day, and there is compelling evidence to show it’s also important for your overall health and a strong immune system.   

Most adults need 6-9 hours’ sleep a night  and as we sleep, our body carries out all sorts of running repairs and essential maintenance. That may explain why long-term sleep problems are linked to an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, depression and other serious health problems. 

Before the pandemic, about a third of adults suffered regular episodes of insomnia    and studies from around the world have found this has worsened as a result of anxiety and [sleep disruption related to Covid-19](/your-health/4-ways-to-sleep-better-during-the-pandemic/). 

Here are some common sleep problems and our advice for getting help.

## 1.	Insomnia 

There are generally 3 types — struggling to get to sleep, being easily disturbed and waking up in the night, or waking too early. But Kry GP Dr Rhianna McClymont says simple lifestyle changes and improved sleep habits should resolve most of these issues. 

‘It’s important to have a sleep routine, which ideally includes going to bed at the same time each day, making sure your bedroom is dark and quiet, and avoiding electronics before bed,’ she says.

Your bedroom should be a place reserved for sleep, and for sex, as this is the only form of physical activity which makes us sleepy.  Other tips to help you unwind and switch off include: 

- Avoid caffeinated drinks for 6 hours before bedtime  
- Have a warm, milky drink or herbal tea as you wind down
- Keep the temperature in your bedroom between 18C and 24C
- Fit thick curtains, or use an eye mask so you’re not disturbed by light
- Use earplugs if your partner snores, or you live in a noisy neighbourhood
- Take a warm, but not hot, bath just before bedtime
- Get regular exercise, a sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of insomnia  
- Avoid vigorous exercise 4 hours before bedtime, but yoga stretches and relaxation exercise can be helpful
- Write a to-do list to try to clear your mind of distractions
- Sprinkle a few drops of lavender oil into a diffuser or on your bedding, as studies suggest it can help to improve sleep quality

If you’ve tried to improve your sleep hygiene and insomnia is continuing to affect your daily life, keep a sleep diary for 2 weeks and then discuss the results with a GP. 

‘Sleeping tablets are not normally recommended as they can be addictive and disrupt your natural sleep pattern,’ says Dr McClymont. But your doctor may recommend a sleep app or suggest Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to tackle the thoughts and habits that keep you awake at night. 

## 2. Sleep apnoea (OSA)

Sometimes called Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA), this common sleep condition is linked with an increased risk of heart attack, stroke and road accidents. 

But many people who have OSA don’t realise they have a problem. For instance, it’s estimated that around 1.5 million adults in the UK have OSA but only 330,000 cases have been diagnosed .

Symptoms of OSA may initially only be noticed by partners — they include the following:

- Stop-start breathing
- Loud snoring
- Gasping for breath, or making snorting or choking noises
- Waking frequently during the night
- Feeling very tired during the day
- Waking with a headache
- Poor concentration
- Mood swings

‘If you have symptoms of sleep apnoea and it’s affecting your activities — for instance, you fall asleep while sitting and reading, or while a passenger in a car — then you should talk to a GP,’ says Dr McClymont.

‘Weight loss or reducing your alcohol intake can improve sleep apnoea. If these measures don’t help, your GP may refer you to a specialist who can offer further treatment such as CPAP,’ she says. This is a mask device which delivers oxygen via Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). It’s worn while you sleep and is a very effective treatment for sleep apnoea.

## 3. Sleep paralysis 

Feeling you’re awake but unable to move or speak is known as sleep paralysis and is most likely to happen as you are waking up or just as you’re falling asleep. It can last for a few seconds or even a few minutes and, while this can be frightening, it’s usually nothing to worry about.  

‘Sleep paralysis does not usually need treatment, but if it is occurring very regularly, or is distressing you, have a chat with a GP,’ says Dr McClymont.

‘Sleep paralysis has been linked with [generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)](/your-health/need-help-for-anxiety-here-are-your-questions-answered/), panic disorders and PTSD. If this seems to be the cause for you then a doctor can arrange for psychological treatments to address these.’

## 4. Restless legs syndrome 

If you get an overwhelming urge to move your legs at night, you may have restless legs syndrome, which is also associated with jerking movements or an unpleasant creeping sensation. 

There’s often no obvious cause, although it can run in families and is more common during pregnancy. It’s estimated that 1 in 5 women experiences restless legs syndrome during pregnancy. 

‘It can generally be improved with regular exercise, leg massage and a good sleep routine,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘But if this doesn’t relieve symptoms or you find the symptoms upsetting, it’s a good idea to see a doctor.’

Restless leg syndrome can be a sign of iron deficiency or kidney problems and, if your symptoms are severe, there are also prescription medications that may be considered. 

## 5. Night terrors 

These are common in children aged between 3 and 8. And while they are frightening, children rarely remember them the next morning and they don’t cause any long-term psychological harm.  

Episodes usually occur early in sleep and are more likely when children are overtired or feverish. The child may shout, scream and thrash around in sheer panic. Their eyes may be open, but they are not actually awake.

Unless your child is in danger of hurting themselves, it’s best not to wake them. But if the episodes happen around the same time, you can try waking them 15 minutes earlier, every night for a week, to try to break the cycle.

If the night terrors persist, or occur several times a night, speak to your GP as there might be an underlying issue which can be treated — such as a breathing problem caused by oversized tonsils.


kry.co.uk > Your health > 5 sleep problems to discuss with a doctor

 5 sleep problems to discuss with a doctor

Sleep is essential to a strong immune system, stable mood, weight management and cognitive functioning. If you’re not getting enough, or your life is affected by other problems such as daytime sleepiness, it may be time to get help 

5 sleep problems to discuss with a doctor | Kry

Health tips

kry.co.uk > Your health > Articles

All articles

See a KRY GP download app

Your health 

Kry UK

Kry is Europe’s leading digital healthcare provider. We combine digital technology with clinical expertise to help NHS services and health insurers solve the biggest challenges in healthcare.