kry.co.uk > Your health

Health information, articles, news and advice for NHS patients.

kry.co.uk > Your health > Metainfo

Your health | KRY

If having sex hasn’t been high on your agenda in the past 12 months, that’s okay. Studies suggest we’re having less sex, with a quarter of UK adults reporting having had none at all in the past year and 40% saying they’d had less sex because of [lowered libido](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/8-causes-of-low-libido-a-doctors-guide/) related to Covid anxiety.    

But did you know that sex comes with many health benefits, including to help you deal with increased stress? Here are some of the proven reasons sex can be good for you.

## 1.	It can help reduce stress and regulate your mood 

Sex is a great way to reduce levels of stress. A recent study  shows that emotional and physical intimacy, which doesn’t have to be sexual, helps to lower the stress chemical cortisol in men and women. 

Sexual intimacy can also help reduce feelings of anxiety and depression as it triggers the release of three mood-boosting chemicals — dopamine, endorphins and oxytocin.  Endorphins in particular are brain chemicals activated by exercise and sex with natural opiate-like properties that can help to reduce pain and regulate mood. 

## 2.	It boosts bonding and libido

Dopamine is a chemical released by the brain in response to pleasure. It plays a major role in reward-motivated behaviour and actually activates libido through flirting or the anticipation of seeing, talking to or being with your partner. 

Oxytocin, also known as the love hormone,  is activated by touch, intimacy and sex and promotes a deeper sense of bonding between couples. It’s also the hormone that bonds a mother to her newborn baby and has anti-inflammatory and calming effects. 

The good news is that even just holding hands, showing affection and cuddling up with your partner is enough to trigger the release of this powerful chemical and get you in the mood for sex. 

## 3.	It promotes better sleep

That post-orgasmic wave of sleepiness you get is the release of the hormone prolactin, which induces a relaxing, soporific effect in both men and women after sex.  Prolactin is produced in the pituitary gland and is usually associated with [breastfeeding and lactation in women](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/breastfeeding-whats-happening-in-your-body/), but men produce it too in smaller amounts. 

The combined effect of oxytocin, the lowering of cortisol (see above) and the increase in prolactin after an orgasm suggests that sexual activity may be part of an underlying neuro-hormonal mechanism that makes it easier to fall asleep after sex.  A recent study shows that sex at bedtime can help women who suffer from insomnia feel more relaxed and get a better night’s sleep. 

## 4.	It can enhance brain power

Whatever your age, research suggests regular sex can benefit your brain health. In a recent study when women aged 18–29 were asked to memorise lists of faces and words, those who reported having more frequent sex had better verbal recall. 

One theory (which scientists are investigating further) is that sexual activity may promote the growth of new neurons (neurogenesis) in the hippocampus — the part of the brain to do with learning and memory. In another study,  this time of adults aged 50-89, sexual activity was associated with better memory in men and women. 

## 5. It helps maintain sexual function

Weak pelvic floor muscles can lead to sexual dysfunction. In fact, research  shows that having sex at least once a week may help prevent erectile dysfunction in elderly men. A more recent study shows that sexually active women have stronger pelvic floor muscles and higher sexual function. 

During sex, you use your pelvic floor, a group of muscles surrounding your genitals that support your pelvic organs, abdomen and spine.

In men, pelvic floor muscles help coordinate and control ejaculation.  In women, a strong pelvic floor helps to increase sensitivity and lead to stronger orgasms. 

There are lots of reasons why pelvic floor muscles can become weak, like ageing, pregnancy, childbirth and being overweight. Having sex leads to natural contractions of your pelvic floor that help keep those muscles toned and strong (and enhances sexual pleasure).

## 6. It just makes you happy

If you’re having physically and emotionally satisfying sex with a primary partner, this leads to greater happiness in both men and women.  Regular physically and emotionally satisfying sex with your partner keeps you topped up with the love hormone oxytocin, enhancing bonding and emotional intimacy.  One study  shows that the sexual afterglow of loving, pleasurable sex can last between couples for as long as 2 days.  

## Solo sex has benefits, too

If you’re not currently having regular sex with another person, you don’t have to miss out on the benefits. 

Like partner sex, masturbation that leads to sexual pleasure or orgasm also triggers the release of feel-good hormones that include endorphins, dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin and prolactin. These can help to alleviate stress, improve sleep quality, reduce pain (including, one study says, [migraines](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/9-types-of-headache-and-what-you-can-do/) and [period pain](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/what-causes-heavy-or-irregular-periods-a-doctors-guide/) ) and leave you feeling calmer, happier and more relaxed. Masturbation can also help to improve sexual confidence as it allows you to get to know and feel more comfortable with your own body.


livi.co.uk > Your health > 6 health benefits of sex

6 health benefits of sex

Whether you’re having sex for intimacy and pleasure or just for fun, its benefits extend beyond the bedroom. Here are some of the ways a healthy sex life can enhance your wellbeing

kry.co.uk > Your health > kry.co.uk > 6 health benefits of sex

Reviewer > Dr Rhianna

IMG 20200730 224911 865[33] (1)

Dr Rhianna McClymont

Lead GP at Kry

General health

General health and seasonal

## Quick facts

- Headaches can be a key sign of high blood pressure
- Hormonal headaches or migraines are common in women
- Caffeine withdrawal or the overuse of painkillers can also be causes

If you suffer with regular headaches, you’re not alone. Around 50%-75% of us will have had a headache at least once in the past year.  Most headaches are nothing to worry about, and once you’ve identified their types and triggers, it’s usually easy to prevent or treat them at home.  ‘But always speak with a doctor if your headaches don’t improve, if you’re worried and want more information, or if your headaches are so severe they’re interfering with your daily life,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Livi.

Here’s a guide to the common types of headaches and what you can do about them.

## 1.	Tension headache

__How it feels__
You’ll have a mild to moderate pain on both sides of your head  and the muscles in your neck may also feel tight, possibly with pressure behind your eyes.  

__What causes tension headaches?__
Stress, poor posture, squinting, screen overuse, tiredness, dehydration, missing meals, lack of physical activity, bright sunlight, noise and certain smells. 

__What you can do__
‘Tension headaches are usually relieved by over-the-counter painkillers,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘But, making lifestyle changes can help to prevent them. Anything that reduces stress such as yoga, meditation, massage or exercise can help.’ Make sure you take screen breaks, eat regularly and drink plenty of water throughout the day too. 

The National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends that a course of up to 10 sessions of acupuncture over a 5-8 week period may be beneficial in reducing chronic, tension-type headaches.  

## 2. Cluster headache

__How it feels__
These come on suddenly and the pain is severe, usually a sharp, piercing or burning sensation on one side of your head.  Cluster headaches are more common in men. The pain is often felt around your eye, temple, and sometimes the face. There may be one or more other symptoms too like a red, watering eye, drooping or swelling of one eyelid, a smaller pupil in one eye, a sweaty face or a blocked or runny nostril.  Attacks generally last 15 minutes to 3 hours, and can occur in daily bouts lasting from 4-12 weeks.

__What causes cluster headaches?__
It’s not known but   there may be a genetic factor and smokers are more at risk. Attacks may be triggered by alcohol and strong smells such as perfume, paint or petrol. 

__What you can do__
‘Always talk to a doctor if you think you’re experiencing cluster headaches,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘These often require specialist treatment with a neurologist.’  

## 3. Migraine

__How it feels__
Migraine affects 1 in 5 women and 1 in 15 men  with the main symptom being a moderate or severe throbbing headache. They can also come with other symptoms like feeling sick and vomiting, disturbed vision, sensitivity to light, sound and smells. You may see flashing lights before it begins (migraine with aura) but, most commonly there are no warning signs. A silent migraine is where you see flashing lights and have other symptoms but no headache. Attacks may last from 4-72 hours.  

__What causes migraines?__
Some people are genetically predisposed to migraines. It’s thought that migraines may be the result of abnormal brain activity temporarily affecting nerve signals, chemicals and blood vessels in the brain.  Possible triggers include: 
• emotional (for example, stress, anxiety, tension) 
• physical (for example, tiredness, neck and shoulder tension or low blood sugar) 
• dietary (for example, alcohol, dehydration or certain foods containing the compound tyramine, which is found in cured meats, smoked fish and strong and aged cheeses) 
• hormonal and environmental (for example, bright lights, sounds, smells) 
• certain medications (like hormone replacement therapy and the combined contraceptive pill). 

__What you can do__
‘You should see a doctor if your migraines are severe or occurring frequently,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘There are various prescription treatments available for migraines that can help to alleviate symptoms or try to prevent them.’ Identifying and avoiding your triggers is also important.

## 4. Sinus headache

__How it feels__
You’ll be feeling pressure or throbbing around your cheeks, eyes and forehead and may also have facial pain.

__What causes sinus headaches?__
These are usually caused by sinusitis, a swelling of the sinuses, usually caused by infection.  Other symptoms include a blocked or runny nose, reduced smell, fever, toothache, green or yellow mucus from your nose.

__What you can do__
‘Sinus headaches can generally be alleviated by self-care like getting plenty of rest, inhaling steam, taking painkillers and drinking lots of fluid,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘But, see a doctor if your headache has persisted for over 3 weeks as there are prescription medications that may help.’

## 5. Rebound headache

__How it feels__
You may feel anything from a dull tension-like headache to more severe pain.

__What causes rebound headaches?__
These are also known as medication overuse headaches and can happen when people regularly over-use painkillers, most commonly over-the-counter analgesics.  The theory is that as the level of the drug in the blood stream begins to wear off, the headache suppressed by the medication ‘rebounds’. What’s more, as medication becomes less effective the more you use it, pain-free periods become shorter and headaches rebound with increasing frequency. 

__What you can do__
Stress reduction and making lifestyle changes to stop headaches can help. But you will need to stop the pain medication. If you need support to do this or help deciding if this is the cause of your headaches, talk to a Livi doctor.  

## 6. Caffeine withdrawal

__How it feels__
You have an intense, throbbing, painful headache and may also feel irritable, anxious and nauseous.

__Causes__
If you regularly drink coffee, tea and other caffeinated drinks and then stop, you may get symptoms of caffeine withdrawal, including headaches. This is because caffeine constricts blood vessels and when you stop these widen, increasing blood flow which can trigger headaches. Other symptoms of caffeine withdrawal include anxiety, irritability, nausea and muscle aches.

__What you can do__
These usually subside over a couple of days as the brain adapts to the change in blood flow as a result of less caffeine.  If you want to reduce or give up caffeine and avoid headaches, cut down slowly over a period of 6 weeks instead of stopping it abruptly.   

## 7. Hormonal headache

__How it feels__
You may get moderate to severe headaches or migraines at certain times in your cycle.

__Causes__
Many women get headaches that are caused by changes to their hormones.  Menstrual migraines, for example, may occur a few days before and during your period, due to the drop in oestrogen. The hormonal changes that occur as you approach menopause or in the first few weeks of pregnancy can also trigger headaches. 

__What you can do__
Keep a diary to help you track your headaches and where they occur in your cycle, for example before a period. Lifestyle changes such as keeping blood sugar levels balanced with regular meals containing healthy proteins and complex carbohydrates, stress reduction and regular exercise can all help to balance hormones.  Always talk to your doctor if you think any hormone medication like the contraceptive pill is making things worse.

## 8. Hypertension headache

__How it feels__
You usually feel a pulsing, throbbing pain on both sides of the head. 

__What causes hypertension?__
Most people are unaware that they have high blood pressure, because they have no obvious symptoms. But headaches can be a sign of high blood pressure. There may also be other symptoms like nausea, vomiting, fatigue, confusion and nosebleeds. The ideal blood pressure is considered to be between 90/60 mmHg to 120/80 mmHg.  Anything above 140/90 mmHg is considered too high and can be a contributing factor to heart disease and stroke risk.

__What you can do__
‘A hypertension headache needs treatment for the underlying high blood pressure,’ says Dr McClymont. Lifestyle changes such as weight loss, moderate exercise, reducing stress levels and improving your diet can all help. But if blood pressure is too high your doctor will prescribe medication.  Talk to a doctor if you think you’re getting hypertension headaches.

## 9. Exertional headache

__How it feels__
You’ll feel moderate to severe throbbing pain that starts during or after strenuous exercise.

__What causes exertional headaches?__
Forms of exertion that may trigger these headaches include running, bending and lifting as well as coughing, sneezing and even having sex.  

__What you can do__
‘A new exertional headache may, in some cases, be a sign of an underlying problem in the brain,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘So, if you start experiencing exertional headaches, particularly if you have never had them before, see a doctor for an examination.’

## Are there any types of headache to worry about?

Dr McClymont advises that you always consult a doctor:

- For any new headache that has been persistently present for a few weeks without improvement, or that is severe and interfering with your daily life
- If you have a headache that wakes you in the middle of the night, gets worse when you’re lying down, makes you vomit, or occurs when you’re coughing or straining

You should seek emergency care for:

- A sudden headache that is accompanied by neurological problems (like weakness in your arm or leg or double vision), or by signs of infection (like a very high temperature with a new rash)
- A very sudden, extremely severe headache (often described as a ‘thunderclap’), as a sudden bleed in the brain can cause this type of headache


kry.co.uk >article page >CTA

See a GP for headaches

livi.co.uk > Your health > 9 types of headache and what you can do

2100x1200px Article Hero Headaches

Whether it’s a mild, dull ache or a throbbing pain, most headaches can be treated with simple self-care and lifestyle measures. Here’s a doctor’s guide to help you identify what type of headache you have and what’s causing it

kry.co.uk > Your health >9 types of headache and what you can do

9 types of headache and what you can do

Health tips

What type of headache do I have? 9 types of headache and how to help

Most of us know instinctively that taking a deep breath can make us feel better in a tricky emotional moment. And in wellness disciplines like yoga and mindfulness, controlling the breath plays a key role in calming the mind. 

Now, science is catching up. Research has shown that controlled breathing exercises — as well as having physiological benefits for respiratory and cardiovascular health  — can help to reduce symptoms of stress,  anxiety  and depression.  A recent review found that slow breathing can also enhance relaxation and psychological wellbeing.  

‘Breathing practice is so important when you’re working with mood and wellbeing,’ says Dag Härdfeldt, Psychologist at Livi. ‘Simply adjusting the way you breathe can affect your nervous system and influence your emotional response. 

‘If you’re feeling stressed or anxious, for example, your breathing is probably more shallow which can stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and trigger the “fight or flight” stress response. But if you breathe in a slow, controlled way – preferably using your diaphragm, you can activate the parasympathetic nervous system, which induces feelings of calm and relaxation.’ 

Anyone can learn how to use breathing exercises to enhance their physical and mental health. Here’s a simple guide to the basic principles of controlled breathing and 3 specific techniques to get you started.

## How to use your breath to feel better

‘There are lots of different breathing exercises and techniques you can use,’ says Härdfeldt. ‘I would encourage anyone to seek out the ones that suit them best. But, for any breathing practice to be effective, there are key concepts to bear in mind.’

__Breathe to a rhythm__
Control is important during breathing practice. It should follow a certain rhythm, like a beat. It may be helpful to count as you inhale and exhale.

__Be mindful__
This means focusing on what you’re doing. Try not to think of anything else and really experience the airflow as you inhale and exhale. Mindfulness may take practice and it’s more beneficial to do a breathing technique for a shorter length of time, when you are completely in the moment, than for longer periods without focus.

__Always use your diaphragm__
When you’re doing a breathing exercise, breathe deeply with the help of your diaphragm (this is the large muscle at the base of your ribcage — if you hold your sides gently, you will feel it expand sideways as you inhale and contract as you exhale). Hold the breath there for a while (about a second or 2) to maximise oxygen intake before releasing it. Studies show that diaphragmatic breathing triggers relaxation responses that benefit both physical and mental health. 

## 3 breathing techniques to help you manage your mood

Härdfeldt recommends the following breathing techniques and exercises to help manage your mental and physical health.

#### 1.	Diaphragmatic breathing 
__Helpful for — [anxiety](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/need-help-for-anxiety-here-are-your-questions-answered/), stress, panic or depression__

‘If you suffer from anxiety, depression or stress, you might need to retrain how you breathe,’ says Härdfeldt. ‘When you’re anxious or stressed, breathing becomes faster and more shallow, which can interfere with the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide and this can trigger even more anxiety, fear and panic.  It’s similar with depression: you may feel broken, sad and tired and this affects your breathing. Your body is receiving signals that something is wrong, which may make you feel worse.

‘Diaphragmatic breathing can help break this cycle by activating the parasympathetic nervous system, which instantly triggers a calming response and helps to alleviate the symptoms of anxiety, stress and depression.  But it takes practice and ideally, you need to do it daily for 2-3 months, before you start to breathe like this more naturally rather than just taking air into your chest.’

__How to practice diaphragmatic deep breathing__
- Lie on your back with your knees bent. Use a pillow, if this feels more comfortable
- Place 1 hand on your upper stomach, just above the diaphragm, where the rib cage ends
- Place the other hand in the middle of your upper chest
- Slowly inhale through the nose and focus on drawing the air right down towards your diaphragm and abdominal muscles
- Your stomach should push against your hand as you breathe in and your chest should remain still.  This takes some practice
- To exhale, let your stomach fall downwards as you breathe out through your nose
- Practise this exercise daily for 2-3 minutes, gradually increasing this to 5-10 minutes, or more, after a couple of weeks

#### 2.	Pursed-lips breathing 
__Helpful for — anxiety and some respiratory conditions__

Pursed-lips breathing (PLB) is a technique that helps you to breathe more slowly, deeply and effectively with less effort. PLB is very beneficial for people with COPD and other respiratory conditions, such as asthma.  But, it’s also very effective for anxiety. 

__How to practise pursed-lips breathing__
- Sit with your back straight or lie down
- Inhale through your nose for 2 seconds. Really draw the air down into your abdomen
- Purse your lips and breathe out slowly, for 4 seconds. You should take twice as long to breathe out as you breathe in. Over time, you can increase the inhale and exhale counts (for example, to 4 and 8 seconds)
- Repeat for 1-10 minutes

#### 3.	Alternate nostril breathing
__Helpful for — anxiety, stress, insomnia and focus__

Alternate nostril breathing (ANB) is a yogic breathing technique that can be useful in calming the mind, says Härdfeldt. ‘It helps to activate the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems equally, which helps to balance active and restful states.’ One study reported that 15 minutes of ANB can help to lower anxiety in a stressful situation. 

- Sitting comfortably, close your eyes and gently place your ring finger on your left nostril and your right thumb onto your right nostril
- Close your right nostril with your right thumb and inhale slowly and deeply through your left nostril
- Close your left nostril with your ring finger, and open your right nostril. Exhale through your right nostril 
- Inhale through your right nostril. Close your right nostril with your thumb and exhale through your left nostril 
- This completes one round
- Repeat for 5-15 minutes, or as long as feels comfortable
- If you’re left-handed, use the same directions with your left hand

Need more help? Read more about the [daily tools that can help depression](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/help-for-depression-7-daily-tools-to-improve-your-mood/).

#### How Livi can help

If you’ve been suffering with anxiety or low mood for 2 weeks or more, you can talk to a Livi doctor who can suggest a plan to help improve your mood and wellbeing.

__This article has been approved by Dag Härdfeldt, Psychologist at Livi.__


livi.co.uk > Your health > 3 breathing exercises a psychologist recommends

Breathing exercises

Your breath is a simple tool you have anytime to help feelings of anxiety, depression or stress. Dag Härdfeldt, Psychologist at Kry, shares the techniques he teaches patients to help manage moods

kry.co.uk > Your health > kry.co.uk > 3 breathing exercises a psychologist recommends

Top breathing exercises a psychologist recommends | Kry UK

kry.co.uk > medical reviewer

IMG 20200730 224911 865-33- 1 .jpg

3 breathing exercises a psychologist recommends

Kry.co.uk > Womens health hub > Banner

## Quick facts

- Heavy periods are a common cause of iron deficiency and anaemia
- Excessive dieting and exercise can cause irregular or absent periods, known as amenorrhea
- Irregular periods may be a sign an underlying condition so it’s best to talk to a doctor

Some women have heavy periods, while others have quite light periods, and as a general rule, every woman’s menstrual cycle and periods are individual. But sometimes heavy bleeding or problem periods are a symptom of something more serious. In fact, painful, irregular or heavy periods affect up to 14 percent of women in their childbearing years. 

## What is a period, anyway?

In simple terms, a period is your body’s way of saying you might be able to have a baby, but you have not conceived. Every month, the lining of the womb thickens in readiness for a fertilised egg, and if an embryo has not latched on to this lining, it’s shed as a period. 

This monthly cycle is driven by changes in levels of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone, so anything which affects these hormones can also affect periods.

Dr Rhianna McClymont explains how lifestyle and age can influence your menstrual cycle and when you should speak to a doctor about any concerns.

## Is it normal to miss a period?

‘It’s quite normal to get variations in periods when you first start menstruating,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘Also, as your periods are ending in the lead-up to [menopause](/your-health/7-signs-of-perimenopause-a-doctors-guide/), changes both in cycle length and blood loss can continue for many months, or even years.’

Depending on a woman’s age, the most obvious reasons for periods to stop altogether are pregnancy and menopause. But other causes of irregular periods, or periods stopping completely, which is known as amenorrhea are:

- Sudden weight loss
- Being over- or underweight
- Doing too much exercise
- Stress 
- Some contraceptives, such as the progesterone-only pill or intrauterine system (IUS)

Sometimes an irregular period is a sign of something more serious, like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or a thyroid problem.  

## When is a period too heavy?

Heavy periods are common, and some women experience heavy periods with clots. Very heavy periods disrupt day-to-day life and can be physically and emotionally challenging. The definition of menorrhagia, as it is known, is losing 80ml — around 16 teaspoons, or more in each period, having periods that last longer than 7 days, or both.

Unless you use a menstrual cup, you may not be sure how much blood loss is too much. Other signs that your periods may be too heavy are:

- Having to change your sanitary products every couple of hours
- Having to empty your menstrual cup more often than recommended in order to prevent leaks
- Passing blood clots that are bigger than 2.5cm — around the size of a 10p coin
- Having to use more than one sanitary product at the same time
- Bleeding through to your clothes or bedding
- Having to get up in the night to change sanitary products, or empty your menstrual cup

Heavy periods are a common cause of iron deficiency too. In the UK, 1 in 4 women has iron levels below recommended levels  and the World Health Organization estimates that across Europe 22.6% of women of child-bearing age are anaemic.  Signs you may need to have your iron levels tested include tiredness, breathlessness and heart palpitations. 

Some medical problems can also cause heavy periods. ‘Conditions which affect the lining of the womb, like fibroids, endometriosis or polyps, can cause bleeds to be heavier,’ says Dr McClymont. Other potential causes are: 

- An underactive thyroid
- Clotting problems such as Von Willebrand disease
- Diabetes 
- Copper intrauterine devices (IUDs) 
- Anticoagulant medicines, like warfarin
- Herbal supplements, including ginseng, ginkgo and soya

If your periods are heavy, it’s a good idea to speak to your GP to rule out any underlying health problems and check you are not anaemic. Treatment options may include:

- A combined or progesterone-based oral contraceptive
- An IUS which releases progesterone
- A procedure to remove the lining of the womb
- Procedures to reduce or remove fibroids
- Hysterectomy

## Is it normal to bleed after sex?

Some, but not all women bleed after having penetrative sex for the first time. This is caused by breaking the hymen, a thin piece of skin which partially covers the vagina. However, this can easily happen before then as a result of using tampons, or horse riding and other sports.  

But if bleeding after sex happens regularly, speak to a GP. It could be a sign of:

- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Chlamydia and other STIs
- Vaginal dryness, which is more common after menopause
- Cervical erosion
- Cancer of the cervix or vagina

## When should I see a doctor?

‘If you notice a change in your menstrual pattern from your “normal” then it is best to have a chat to a GP,’ Dr McClymont advises. ‘For instance, if you’ve always had fairly light bleeds but they have suddenly become heavier, and you’ve started passing clots, you should discuss this with a doctor.

‘Also, if you’ve started bleeding between your periods, bleeding after sex or have bleeding after you’ve gone through the menopause, you need to have a chat with your doctor.’

If you are still going through puberty and your periods have always been a little irregular there is nothing to worry about. But other times to see a doctor are: 

- You’re under 45 and your periods have suddenly become irregular
- Your periods are more frequent than every 21 days or come less often than every 35 days
- Periods last longer than 7 days
- There is a difference of at least 20 days between your shortest and longest cycles
- Your periods are erratic and you are trying to get pregnant


kry.co.uk > What causes heavy or irregular periods? A doctor's guide> button

kry.co.uk > Your health > What causes heavy or irregular periods? A doctor’s guide

What causes heavy or irregular periods? A doctor's guide

There are many reasons your period might change — from your hormones to the supplements you’re taking. Dr Rhianna McClymont, Kry’s Lead GP, shares her advice on period changes

kry.co.uk > Your health > What causes heavy or irregular periods? A doctor's guide

Hormonal health

What causes heavy or irregular periods? A doctor’s guide

A low libido can be worrying, but it’s a common problem that affects many men and women at some point in their lives.  In most cases, it’s nothing to worry about.

Often, losing interest in sex is linked to [stress](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/physical-signs-of-stress-on-the-body/), fatigue or an issue within the relationship. But sometimes it can be a sign of an underlying medical problem, like a thyroid issue. 

## What is low libido?

Low libido is simple a loss in sex drive. If you have a low libido, you’ll have less desire to have sex, or maybe no desire at all.

Everyone’s sex drive is different and there’s no such thing as a ‘normal’ libido. But if you find that your lack of sex drive is affecting your relationship or is causing you to worry, it might be time to get professional help. 

## What causes a low libido?

No libido, or a reduced sex drive, can be down to a number of things. Here are some of the common causes of low libido and what you can do to help.

### 1.  There are issues in your relationship

Problems within a relationship are one of the most common causes of loss of libido. If you’ve been with your partner for a long time, you may have become overfamiliar with them and this may have a negative effect on your sex drive.  

‘The state of your relationship affects libido a lot,’ says Beatrice Lindéh, a Livi psychologist specialising in sex. ‘The libido has its origin in the mind, so if you’re feeling down, your libido may be lower. A relationship where there are issues that are not dealt with can also cause the body to entirely lose libido, due to stress.’ 

__How to resolve it__

Therapy can be useful, either by helping you handle your feelings about the relationship, or by relationship counselling to resolve issues and open up communication. A GP may refer you both for psychosexual counselling or relationship therapy so you and your partner can discuss any sexual and emotional issues that may be contributing to your lack of sex drive.

You can give your libido a boost by engaging in activities that make you think about sex, says Lindéh. ‘The more you think about sex, the higher the libido gets, and the more you will want to engage in sexual activities.’

### 2.	You’re struggling with your mental health

Mental health is one of the other main causes of low libido. Each year, 25% of the population of Europe suffers from depression or anxiety  and this can have a knock-on effect on people’s libido. One study found that 33.3% of men and 41.67% of women with depression reported a lack of desire, even when they were not taking antidepressants.  

__How to resolve it__

Don’t be too hard on yourself. Mental health issues impact all areas of our lives and if you’re experiencing a problem, added pressure to perform sexually won’t be helpful in your recovery. So, [prioritise your mental health](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/help-for-depression-7-daily-tools-to-improve-your-mood/) first by talking to a GP or psychologist about the help available. 

‘Keeping up with other physical intimacy, like hugging, showering together or just lying naked in bed with your partner, can be enough for a while, and will keep you feeling close until your libido returns,’ Lindéh suggests. 

You can reduce stress with regular exercise and [a healthy diet](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/6-tips-for-healthy-cooking-at-home/) as well as regularly practicing controlled breathing. 

And don’t forget masturbation, which has the added benefit of helping you connect with your own pleasure. One study found it helped reduce the time it took to fall asleep and improved sleep quality,  while another found that it increased the hormone prolactin, also reducing stress.  

### 3.	Your contraceptive pill is affecting your libido

Contraceptives can increase libido in some women and decrease it in others.  ‘Any contraception that contains additional hormones can affect the natural balance of your own hormones and therefore affect libido,says Dr Rhianna McClymont, Livi Lead GP. Hormonal contraceptives include the combined contraceptive pill, patch or vaginal ring, the progesterone pill (also known as the mini pill), the contraceptive implant, Depo-Provera injection and hormonal coil.

__How to resolve it__

‘Many women experience no effect on their libido at all from hormonal contraception, and for women who do notice an impact, it may resolve within a few months,’ Dr McClymont advises. ‘If you notice changes in your libido that are ongoing after this timeframe then it’s best to chat to a GP about it.’

### 4.	You’re experiencing menopause 

During and after menopause, changes in your levels of the hormones oestrogen and testosterone may affect your libido. 

‘Testosterone levels naturally decline throughout a woman’s lifetime, and oestrogen levels tend to drop sharply around the time of the menopause,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘This falling oestrogen not only affects your drive, it also reduces the natural vaginal secretions that a woman produces, leading to dry vaginal tissue which can be uncomfortable and even painful during sex.’ 

But while menopausal women often experience a lower level of interest in sex, it’s not always down to their physical health. Other life stresses, the ill-health of a partner or their partner’s inability to perform sexually, might also be factors.

__How to resolve it__

It’s worth speaking to a GP about hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as studies show women who take HRT report higher sexual desire.  Be aware, though, that some women, such as those at increased risk of breast cancer, may not be good candidates for HRT.  

Studies have found that libido declines with increasing male age too. In these cases, testosterone therapy may well help.  Again, talk to a doctor about the options.

### 5.	You’ve just had a baby

Although studies show that most women are likely to resume sexual activity within 6 months of giving birth, many have lower levels of sexual pleasure and emotional satisfaction up to 18 months after giving birth. So give yourself a break if sex is still the last thing on your mind.  

‘After childbirth it is natural for your libido to be lower as oestrogen levels drop,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘Libido can be particularly low in women who have had a difficult birth — for example, trauma or tears to the vagina — as sex may also be painful.’ 

__How to resolve it__

Lindéh suggests setting up a date night where you come together and have some time alone with a focus on being physically intimate without it necessarily ending in penetration. ‘You could try something new like reading sexy short stories to each other, or just lying in bed being close,’ she suggests. ‘The most important thing is that you don’t stress about it, and keep showing your partner that you love them, and want to be close.’

Above all, remember there are no rules when it comes to having sex again after giving birth but if you’re worried, speak to your health visitor or a Livi GP.

### 6.	Your medicine is affecting your libido

Certain medications have a side effect of reducing your sex drive, especially some commonly prescribed antidepressants. 

‘SSRIs, which are used to treat depression, often reduce your libido,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘Corticosteroids, blood pressure medications — particularly diuretics — and antipsychotic drugs can all also affect libido.’ There are various other medications that may also have an impact too. 

If you’re concerned about a particular medication, it is best to speak to a doctor. 

### 7.	There’s an underlying drink or drug problem

Drinking heavily over a long period of time can lead to a lower sex drive (libido). This is because it reduces your levels of testosterone. 

‘Both alcohol abuse and recreational drug misuse can lower libido,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘Men who drink excessive alcohol may find that they struggle to get or maintain an erection.’

It’s worth speaking to a doctor about the help available if you feel you misuse drugs or alcohol.

### 8. There’s a medical problem 

Around 40% of women and 10% of men will experience some type of sexual problem over the course of their lifetimes and some of that will be as a result of a medical issue.    ‘Many physical conditions can impact the way you feel and this affects libido, says Dr McClymont.

‘Some of the more common illnesses that affect libido include depression, thyroid problems, cancer and failure of the heart, kidneys or liver.’ 

If you’re concerned that a physical or sexual condition is affecting your sex drive, talk to a Livi GP.

__This article has been approved by Dr Rhianna McClymont, Livi Lead GP and Beatrice Lindéh, Livi psychologist.__


kry.co.uk> article page >CTA

Speak to a GP about gout

livi.co.uk > Your health > 8 causes of low libido — a doctor’s guide

Libido

It’s common to lose your sex drive at some points in your life, especially during times of stress or relationship upsets. But if a lack of interest in sex is a problem for you, read our doctor’s guide to some of the causes and help available

kry.co.uk > Your health > 8 causes of low libido — a doctor’s guide

8 causes of low libido — a doctor’s guide

Sexual health and contraceptives

Sexual health

No libido? 8 causes of a loss of sex drive — a doctor’s guide

There are many different types of relationships, and what works for some people may not be right for others. But what exactly constitutes a ‘good’ relationship? And what tools do therapists suggest when it comes to finding, building and maintaining a strong relationship?

‘The initial attraction and falling in love — that’s the easy bit,’ says Madeleine Gauffin, Licensed Psychologist and Licensed Psychotherapist at Kry. ‘It’s what happens when the passion and sparkle become less intense that matters.  

‘A strong relationship is where there’s also a deep friendship. So, there should also be respect, trust, empathy, kindness and a willingness to try and understand each other. That’s what builds a deeper connection that lasts beyond the physical.’ 

Here are some practical tools Gauffin suggests to help you build a better relationship.

## 1. Prioritise being kind to each other

Kindness is the number 1 predictor of a good relationship, a study  showed. In the research, being kind to each other — for example, taking turns when looking after children or a pet, and supporting each other through stress — was even more important than sexual attraction, compatibility, wisdom, intelligence and shared values.

When researchers analysed 2,500 long-term (more than 20 years) couples, they found those who reported higher levels of agreeableness (being kind and considerate generally) and lower levels of emotional instability (worrying a lot) were also happier with their relationships.  

## 2. Practice the 5:1 relationship ratio

The 5:1 ratio simply means that in a healthy relationship, for every negative interaction there should be at least 5 positive interactions and it’s a psychological tool used by many therapists.  Examples of negative interactions include being critical, dismissive or defensive or forgetting a special occasion. Examples of positive interactions include showing appreciation, interest, affection and empathy.

## 3. Use these tips to communicate more clearly

‘If you’re not able to communicate effectively with your partner, it can lead to misunderstandings, resentment and conflict,’ says Gauffin.
Here are 5 steps  to help improve communication between couples.

- __Don’t ignore or sweep things under the carpet.__ If there’s something bothering you, talk to your partner about it. By addressing smaller issues along the way, you can prevent damaging resentments from building up.

- __Avoid being accusatory.__ Instead of telling them exactly where they’re going wrong or getting personal, explain how their behaviour makes you feel. For example, rather than saying ‘you’re so selfish, you never tidy up,’ tell them how you feel. For example, ‘When you don’t help with the tidying up, it makes me feel upset and stressed.’

- __Pick the right place and time.__ There’s no point launching into a discussion about something when your partner is about to go into a business meeting. Instead, if you want to bring something up, do so when there’s time, for example, after your evening meal or when you’re out walking together.

- __Make time.__ Whether it’s trying new activities, or just relaxing and having fun together, schedule times when you put everything else aside and focus on each other.

- __Know your boundaries.__ Ideally, this is something you should set early on in the relationship. Having boundaries is about letting others know how you wish to be treated. For example, you may have a boundary about being spoken to with respect. Therefore, it’s important to clearly and calmly state that, rather than expect people to automatically know your limits. 

## 4. Learn to argue more effectively

‘If you’re in a relationship, it’s normal to argue,’ says Gauffin. ‘Arguments enable people to learn from each other and show there’s enough space and trust for you both to stand up for your own needs. It’s how you manage the conflict that counts.’ Here are some guidelines:

- __Try to remain calm.__ Even if you feel emotional. This isn’t always easy and you may have to remind yourself to count to 10, or take a few deep breaths
- __Don’t get personal.__ Keep on topic. If you’re angry because of something they’ve done or said, don’t start to insult your partner or bring up issues from the past
- __Really listen to what they’re saying.__ Even if it’s hard, try to ‘hear’ where they’re coming from. Part of the reason people persist in arguing is that they want to get their point across and make the other person understand how they feel. If you make it clear that you’re listening and empathising with their point of view — even if you don’t agree — it can really help to defuse a situation
- __Use humour to lighten the tension.__ Sometimes, it helps if you can see the funny side

## 5. Be aware of your own history and triggers

If there’s something your partner does or says that always drives you mad, this may be a trigger for something that’s happened in the past that you haven’t dealt with, says Gauffin.

Or, if you’ve always had a tendency to fly into a rage, or get very jealous, in every relationship, these are issues you need to resolve within yourself. If not, you’ll only keep repeating the same patterns of behaviour to the detriment of this relationship and others. 

‘If you are prone to jealousy, for example, you may need to work on building up your self-esteem,’ says Gauffin. ‘This is where talking to a therapist can be useful in helping you to identify issues from your past that may be causing you to react in a certain way. Likewise, if your partner has any issues, it’s not your place to try and fix them.’ A Kry doctor can help you identify any issues that may be triggering your behaviour.

__This article has been approved by Madeleine Gauffin, Licensed Psychologist and Psychotherapist at Kry.__


kry.co.uk > 5 ways to build a stronger relationship — a therapist’s toolkit> button

kry.co.uk > Your health > 15 ways to build a stronger relationship — a therapist’s toolkit

13 ways to build a stronger relationship — a therapist’s toolkit

Boundaries, communication… we all know the foundations for a healthy relationship, but how can we put it all into practice? This guide delivers some of the essential advice therapists suggest to their couple clients, to help build a stronger relationship

kry.co.uk > Your health > 5 ways to build a stronger relationship — a therapist’s toolkit

5 ways to build a stronger relationship — a therapist’s toolkit

Family

Family health

## Quick facts

- Wearing a high SPF can help protect your skin against windburn and damaging UVA rays
- The thicker the moisturiser, the more protection it provides
- Warm showers or baths instead of hot ones help prevent dry skin

Winter brings double trouble for our skin. The combination of low humidity outside and central heating inside increases the risk of dryness, itchiness and other irritations and flare-ups. Dr Vasiliki Vanky, a Kry GP, provides solutions to some of your most common winter skin issues.

## How can I help prevent dry skin in winter? 

Start by getting an understanding of your skin’s structure. The outer layer, known as the epidermis, is made up of tiny cells, called keratinocytes, which are constantly dying and being replaced. These cells overlap, like the tiles on a roof, and are glued together with an oily substance known as sebum. This provides a protective barrier which keeps moisture in, and irritants and allergens out. 

If these ‘tiles’ become damaged or dislodged, the skin loses moisture which leads to dryness and irritation.  So, maintaining this protective layer is the key to preventing most of our common winter skin problems. 

You can help to maintain your skin by…
- Drinking plenty of fluids
- Using a humidifier or bowls of water around the house to increase indoor humidity  
- Applying a moisturiser immediately after your shower or bath
- Using a hand cream after washing your hands
- Wearing gloves outside
- Minimising smoking and alcohol as both dry the skin

You don’t need to spend a fortune on moisturisers. Just because a cream is more expensive doesn’t mean it’s better than cheaper ones, says  Dr Vanky. Speak to a pharmacist for further guidance.

## What can I do about itchy skin? 

Avoid scratching, as this only adds to the damage and it could introduce a bacterial infection from your hands.

Any fragrance-free moisturiser will reduce the itching. But emollients — such as petroleum jelly or paraffin-based creams — are particularly useful as they are greasy and restore the skin’s waterproof barrier.

‘The terms emollient and moisturiser can be confusing and there’s not an agreed medical definition,’ says Dr Vanky. ‘In simple terms both are moisturising, but emollients tend to be greasier and thicker while moisturisers can include quite liquid lotions.

‘If you’re using emollients several times a day for a few weeks and it’s not helping, see a doctor as you may need a cortisone cream,’ says Dr Vanky.

Talk to a doctor if you have recurrent or severe problems or your symptoms don’t improve after 7 to 14 days of treatment at home. 

## Am I over-washing my skin? 

Excessive washing, particularly with hot water and detergent-based products, depletes the sebum and natural oils which hold the cells on the skin’s outer layer in place. That’s why over-washing can damage your skin’s protective barrier leaving it dry and irritated.  

To maximise the moisture in your skin, limit your shower or bath to 5 or 10 minutes. Use warm water rather than hot, and only enough fragrance-free cleanser (fragrance in body washes and soaps can dry out and irritate your skin) to remove dirt and grime without creating a thick lather.  

## How are dry air and central heating affecting my skin?  

Central heating reduces humidity in the air which damages the skin’s barrier and can lead to dry, itchy skin.  Going from cold, dry air outside to warm dry air inside only adds to the problem.

Some people find humidifiers help, because they put moisture back into the air and increase relative humidity. But there is no clear evidence they reduce skin dryness and they can increase levels of irritant dust mites. If you want to try it, putting a bowl of water into each room will have much the same effect without the cost. 

## Why do I get red, itchy skin patches in winter? 

Cold temperatures outside and heating inside lead to dryness and then repeatedly rubbing and scratching your skin can result in thickened, often red patches. This is most common in hands and feet and can lead to painful cracking. 

Some studies also suggest low temperatures and low humidity increase inflammation in your skin, potentially making it more reactive to irritants and allergens.  

If using moisturiser doesn’t clear up these patches, you may need to use a cortisone cream for up to 15 days. These are available over-the-counter from pharmacies or on prescription.  

## How can I stop my eczema flaring up in winter?  

Cold, dry weather increases the risk of flare-ups of atopic dermatitis, which is the most common form of eczema and also of asteatotic eczema, which is more prevalent as we get older and characterised by inflamed, cracked skin.   

Dr Vanky says, ‘The best way to avoid dry skin and eczema is to use moisturising creams every day.’

If you have been doing that and your [eczema](/medical-advice/skin-conditions/eczema/) is persisting, talk to a Kry doctor who can assess what your skin condition needs.

## How do I protect my skin from windburn?

Wind dries the skin, which can lead to roughness and tiny cracks. This accelerates the loss of natural moisturisers and reduces the skin’s elasticity. It also accelerates shedding of damaged skin cells — and with them, any sunscreen or moisturiser you have applied.   Over time, this combination of wind and sun damage accelerates skin’s ageing. 

You can help prevent problems by wearing protective clothing and using a rich emollient sunscreen when you’re going out on windy days (even if there is no obvious sun, UVA rays can still damage your skin). It’s also important to reapply emollient sunscreens to fully reap the benefits. 

__This piece has been medically approved by Dr Vasiliki Vanky, Kry GP.__


kry.co.uk > Your health > 7 winter skin questions answered

7 winter skin questions answered

If you get itchy skin, red patches or eczema flare-ups in the cold weather, there are simple solutions that can help. Kry GP Dr Vasiliki Vanky answers your winter skin questions

## Quick facts

- 40% of children test positive for strep bacteria in their throats
- Children catch up to 10 colds a year
- Most infections pass quickly and can be treated at home

Colds, sickness bugs and other infections are more common in winter — especially in children. But contrary to popular belief, it’s not actually the cold weather that causes them.

‘It’s because we spend more time indoors,’ says Dr Tommy Södergren, Livi paediatric consultant. ‘The air is drier, which encourages viruses, and we have more close contact with friends and family — which helps infections spread.’

Children are particularly vulnerable, even when social distancing and other national restrictions put a limit on social contact. This is largely because, however hard you try, their hygiene habits may not always be ideal and they’re probably exposed to lots of other children at school.

Dr Södergren has advice on how to spot 7 of the most common winter illnesses, and what to do.

## 1.	Colds, coughs and sniffles

Children catch up to 10 colds a year,  so it’s likely your child will experience at least 1 this winter.

While it takes a couple of days for cold symptoms to appear, they’re usually worse in the first 2-3 days. This is also the time when your child will be most likely to pass on the virus, though they will be infectious for around 2 weeks. 

### How to spot colds in children
Symptoms like coughing, runny nose, congestion and sneezing are caused by swelling of the mucosa (the moist, inner lining of the mouth, nose and lungs) as well as build-up of fluid in these areas. This is an immune response designed to make life uncomfortable for the virus and, ultimately, clear it.

### What to do
Infants don’t have the capacity to cough and clear mucus from their airways, so keep their heads and shoulders elevated, Dr Södergren says. Saline nasal sprays and drops can be used to ease congestion.

Give paracetamol for symptom relief, and plenty of fluids. Colds are caused by viruses, so antibiotics have no effect.

## 2.	Flu

Flu is most infectious when symptoms first start, and remains infectious for up to a week.  

### How to spot flu in children
It’s difficult to tell the difference between a severe cold and a mild case of flu, says Dr Södergren. But you tend to get more fever with flu, and it often starts with a dry cough. This can persist for 2 weeks, or more. Other symptoms include headache, muscle and joint pain, generally feeling unwell, sore throat and a runny nose.  To relieve symptoms, use the same relief as for colds.

### Is it flu or Covid-19?
Children with Covid-19 tend to have mild symptoms, and a third have none. Apart from cough, fever and losing their sense of smell and taste, the most common clues in children are diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal cramps.    

Although children are more likely to catch the new variant of Covid-19 which first emerged in the UK, the good news is that most continue to show mild or no symptoms. And, there is no evidence that it causes more serious illness. 

Speak to a GP if you suspect your child has Covid-19, or has any of the red-flag symptoms below.

## 3.	Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

RSV is a common virus which infects the lower respiratory tract. Almost all children will be infected with RSV before they are aged 2 and, in most cases, it causes only mild cold symptoms. 

Dr Södergren says in adults and older children, it’s difficult to tell the difference between RSV and a mild cold. 

### What to do
For most people, this is simply a matter of treating symptoms, says Dr Södergren (see Colds, coughs and sniffles, above). However, for some children the RSV virus will turn into bronchiolitis (see below). 

## 4.	Bronchiolitis 

Bronchiolitis is a more serious inflammation in the smallest airways in the lungs. In babies and young children, where the lower respiratory tract is still developing, the RSV virus can lead to bronchiolitis. 

### How to spot bronchiolitis in children
Symptoms of bronchiolitis include a rasping dry cough, rapid or wheezy breathing, being irritable, not wanting to feed and vomiting after feeding. Symptoms are at their worst from days 3-5 and can last for up to 3 weeks.  

### What to do
Keeping your child upright will make it easier for them to breathe. Try giving smaller, more frequent feeds. Infants over the age of 2 months can be given paracetamol for fever. Steam will also help to loosen mucus.

Speak to a doctor if your child has taken less than half their usual feed for 2 or 3 feeds, is breathing rapidly, has not had a wet nappy for 12 hours or more, or has a persistent temperature of 38C or higher. 

## 5.	Ear infection

Ear infections can be painful for children, especially at night. Almost all ear infections that occur in children  are secondary bacterial infections in the middle ear, which can follow a viral infection such as a cold or flu.  

### How to spot ear infections in children
Excess liquid produced in the ear usually drains away through a tiny tube to the throat, but if this becomes swollen and blocked, fluid builds up. Viral infections cause inflammation in this tube and make it easier for bacteria to travel up and infect the fluid.  The main symptom will be ear pain at night. 

### What to do
Dr Södergren advises using alternating doses of both paracetamol and ibuprofen if one alone doesn’t work. Anything that clears congestion will also help.

‘In the old days, we used to prescribe antibiotics, but we know now that most infections clear in around 3 days,’ he says. 

Speak to a GP if there is any fluid coming from the ear, as this is a sign that the eardrum has been perforated, if there is no sign of improvement after 2 or 3 days or your child is in a lot of pain.

Antibiotics may be prescribed if your child is very unwell, has symptoms of a more serious illness or is at high risk of complications.  

If ear infections recur, your doctor may recommend inserting tiny tubes, called grommets, into the eardrum to drain fluid and equalise pressure, but there is no evidence that antibiotics help with recurrent infections. 

## 6.	Strep throat

Streptococcus is a bacteria that causes a sore throat and is widespread in children.

### How to spot it
Your child will have a sore, red throat and is also likely to have fever, headache and swollen glands in the neck and below the jaw.

‘If you went into any school and tested children for strep, almost 40% would be positive,’ says Dr Södergren.  And even if they had a sore throat, that doesn’t mean you would treat them with antibiotics as most infections clear up by themselves, he asserts.

### What to do
Treat symptoms with paracetamol and provide plenty of cool drinks. There is no evidence that medicated lozenges help, but sucking on hard sweets or an ice lolly will soothe symptoms.

Viruses are the most common cause of sore throats, and usually antibiotics won’t help these infections. 

But speak to a doctor if symptoms persist, as occasionally strep infections do require antibiotics. 

## 7. Norovirus (Winter vomiting bug)

Norovirus is a highly infectious stomach bug that peaks during winter. While anyone can catch it, children in particular can easily pick it up because they share toys, spend a lot of time in close contact with friends and carers, and often put their hands in their mouths. 

### How to spot norovirus in children

Symptoms start within a day or 2 of being infected and usually include nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting — which is more common in children than adults. It can also cause headache, a high temperature and aching arms and legs.  

It usually only lasts a couple of days, but people can be contagious for up to 2 days after symptoms pass. 

### What to do
In the meantime, Dr Södergren advises encouraging children to keep drinking fluids, but don’t stress if they only take small amounts, and avoid milk. 

Speak to a doctor if your child is weak, or tired and is not interested in play.

## How to prevent winter infections

Ultimately the only way to prevent your child catching winter bugs is to keep them away from their friends and family. But you can reduce the risk by:

- Avoiding anyone with obvious symptoms
- Encouraging your child to wash their hands after using the toilet and before meals
- Discouraging them, if possible, from putting their hands in their mouth, chewing their nails, or rubbing their eyes
- Cleaning toys, chairs and work surfaces regularly
- Making sure they are eating healthily and getting plenty of exercise
- Encouraging the whole family to cover their nose and mouth with a tissue when they cough or sneeze — and to wash their hands after binning the tissue
- Following social distancing and hygiene regulations in your area

If occasional colds and coughs are inevitable for children, know that there are also several steps you can take to [support your child’s immune system](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/how-to-boost-childrens-immunity-this-winter-7-tips/).

## Red flag symptoms — when to see a doctor

Parents should seek immediate advice if their child:

- Is under 3 months old and has a temperature of 38C or higher
- Is 3 to 6 months old and has a temperature of 39C or higher
- Has had a high temperature for 5 days or more
- Has a high temperature which does not come down with paracetamol
- Has signs of dehydration
- Keeps vomiting and can’t keep fluids down
- Has diarrhoea for more than 7 days or vomiting for more than 2
- Breathing difficulties, shallow breathing or any other change in their breathing
- Has a rash that doesn’t fade when you press a glass against it
- Is bothered by light
- Is drowsy and difficult to wake
- Has unusually cold hands and feet
- Has pale, blotchy, blue or grey skin
- Has a weak, high-pitched cry that is not like their normal cry

With the Livi app, you can easily add a child to your account and see a GP by video if they’re feeling unwell.

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Tommy Södergren, Livi paediatric consultant.__


kry.co.uk > 7 common children’s winter illnesses and their symptoms> button

livi.co.uk > Your health > 7 common children’s winter illnesses and their symptoms

7 common children’s winter illnesses and their symptoms

During winter, it’s normal to be more anxious about your child’s health. While most winter illnesses in children are not serious, it’s helpful to know how to recognise them and what to do. Kry Paediatric Consultant Dr Tommy Södergren has advice

kry.co.uk > Your health > 7 common children’s winter illnesses and their symptoms

kry.co.uk > Your health > Articles

All articles

See a KRY GP download app

Your health 

Kry UK

Kry is Europe’s leading digital healthcare provider. We combine digital technology with clinical expertise to help NHS services and health insurers solve the biggest challenges in healthcare.