kry.co.uk > Your health

Health information, articles, news and advice for NHS patients.

kry.co.uk > Your health > Metainfo

Your health | KRY

[People of all ages experience heart palpitations](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/572),  described as an awareness of your heart beating in your chest. ‘Some people describe feeling their heart racing, beating very strongly or pounding, or skipping a beat. Others describe a fluttering sensation in their chest. Sometimes this experience lasts for only a few seconds or it may go on for hours,’ says Lead GP at Kry, Dr Rhianna McClymont. 

Palpitations are non-specific, meaning they can be a symptom or a diagnosis. ‘There are a variety of causes of heart palpitations,’ Dr McClymont explains. ‘Many causes are harmless, and most palpitations aren’t a sign of anything sinister.’

## What causes heart palpitations?

There are a number of different causes of palpitations, including:

- Lifestyle triggers, like strenuous exercise and alcohol consumption
- [Anxiety](/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/), panic attacks and other psychological triggers
- Heart rhythm problems and heart conditions, like atrial fibrillation
- Hormonal changes, like menopause and pregnancy
- Medications, including certain antihistamines and antidepressants
- Medical conditions, like [hyperthyroidism](/your-health/thyroid-symptoms-overactive-underactive/) 

Lifestyle factors are a common trigger. Some people notice palpitations after drinking alcohol. 

Caffeine and nicotine can also cause palpitations, particularly when used excessively, as can other recreational drugs, explains Dr McClymont. If you experience heart palpitations after eating, it might be a result of eating very sugary foods, drinking energy drinks or overeating.

While exercise can trigger palpitations as a result of the heart needing to pump faster to send oxygenated blood to the muscles, Dr McClymont stresses that regular exercise is important for a healthy heart. 

## What’s the link between stress and heart palpitations?

‘We can experience palpitations if we’re under significant stress or experiencing a strong emotion,’ says Dr McClymont, adding that anxiety disorders and panic attacks in particular are also linked to heart palpitations. In fact, studies have shown  anxiety and other psychosomatic triggers are responsible for around a third of all cases of heart palpitations.

## Why do I have heart palpitations when I’m resting?

Most causes of palpitations actually have nothing to do with your activity levels. It’s not uncommon to notice palpitations more at night when you’re trying to sleep, says Dr McClymont. ‘It’s a time when it’s quiet and your mind isn’t as distracted by other tasks. 

‘Lying down on your left side may make palpitations more noticeable, as in this position your heart is right next to your chest wall.’

## Are heart palpitations linked to long Covid? 

Heart palpitations are one of the common [symptoms of long Covid](/your-health/what-is-long-covid/), and several studies have confirmed that the Covid-19 virus gains access to the heart and can cause abnormal structural changes as well as inflammation.  

‘A number of people suffering from long Covid have reported palpitations,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘It’s known that many people who were hospitalised with severe Covid symptoms suffered damage and inflammation to the heart muscle, but it’s also clear that people who had relatively mild symptoms of Covid-19 have developed a range of symptoms afterwards, collectively known as long Covid.

‘There’s so much that we still don’t know about long Covid in terms of prognosis, severity and duration of symptoms, but research is ongoing.’

## Can heart palpitations be a symptom of another medical condition?

‘Thyroid problems – particularly an over-active thyroid – are a common cause of heart palpitations,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘Other associated conditions include anaemia, low blood pressure, dehydration and sepsis.’

Anaemia, she explains, causes increased work for the heart as there are fewer red blood cells in the body and these carry the oxygen. ‘This means the heart has to pump more quickly to push the existing red blood cells around the body faster to deliver enough oxygen,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘This extra work on the heart can lead to palpitations.

‘Conditions affecting the heart – such as heart failure, valve disorders, cardiomyopathy and problems with the electrical conduction in the heart – could also be the cause.’ 

Very occasionally, heart palpitations can be a symptom of a serious heart condition, including certain types of structural heart disease.  If there’s no obvious explanation for your symptoms and the palpitations don’t go away, you should make an [appointment](/gp-appointments-online/) to see a doctor.

## Is it normal to experience heart palpitations during pregnancy?

‘Being pregnant means that your heart needs to pump more blood around your body to supply the growing baby and placenta. This causes your heart rate to increase – which, in some cases, can lead to palpitations,’ Dr McClymont confirms.

[Palpitations are quite common during pregnancy](https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/tog.12599) and usually not a sign of anything serious. However, if it does turn out that the palpitations are a symptom of heart rhythm disturbances that need to be managed, most treatments are perfectly safe in pregnancy.

## What can I do to reduce my heart palpitations?

‘If you drink alcohol or caffeine regularly, cutting back can often reduce the frequency of palpitations or stop them altogether,’ Dr McClymont recommends. ‘It’s recommended that we drink no more than 14 units of alcohol per week, and it’s best to space out these drinks throughout the week. Binge-drinking is more likely to lead to palpitations.’

Think about your stress or anxiety triggers, too. If you suffer from anxiety, your heart rate can go up as a result of what’s known as ‘fight or flight’ mode, which can trigger palpitations. Talk to a doctor if you’re struggling, as there are things you can do to cope and manage your symptoms.

## When to worry about heart palpitations

‘If you have heart palpitations accompanied by chest pain, dizziness or severe shortness of breath or you faint or collapse, you should seek emergency help from your nearest A&E department as it could be a sign of a serious problem with your heart,’ says Dr McClymont.

‘If you have recurrent palpitations that have been going on for a while and haven’t improved with simple lifestyle changes, speak to a doctor, who can arrange further tests.’


kry.co.uk > article page > Why is my heart racing when I’m resting? The facts about heart palpitations > call out 

See a GP about heart palpitations

kry.co.uk > Your health > Why is my heart racing when I’m resting? The facts about heart palpitations

Why is my heart racing when I’m resting? The facts about heart palpitations

Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry, explains what causes heart palpitations, what you can do to minimise them, and when they can be a cause for concern

What causes heart palpitations? A doctor explains | Kry

kry.co.uk > medical reviewer

IMG 20200730 224911 865[33] (1)

Dr Rhianna McClymont

Lead GP at Kry

General health

General health and seasonal

Feeling anxious or fearful can be distressing. Your heart starts racing and you may also feel light-headed, shaky, short of breath, and slightly nauseous. ‘We all have things that make us feel uneasy or fearful but for anyone who suffers from a phobia, these fears are much more extreme,’ says Madeleine Gauffin, Licensed Psychologist and Psychotherapist at Kry. 

## What exactly is a phobia?

‘A phobia is an intense fear of something, for example, an object, situation, place, feeling or animal. It’s a type of anxiety disorder that can be extremely debilitating.’

There are many different types of phobias and these can range from mild to severe. ‘A phobia can occur for all sorts of reasons,’ Gauffin continues. ‘It may be triggered by an incident or trauma in your past or you may be genetically predisposed to feeling more anxious.’ The good news is, it’s usually possible to overcome phobias of all kinds without drugs. A recent meta-analysis  (based on 33 studies) shows that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) used independently, or as an adjunct to other therapies, is a highly effective treatment. 

Phobias fall into two categories:

__1.__	__Specific, or simple phobias__, include certain animals, situations, or activities (for example, fear of heights, germs or flying).  Specific phobias affect around 7.4% of people worldwide – [4.9% of the male population and 9.8% of the female](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5674525/#:).   

__2.__	__Complex phobias__ on the other hand, are associated with more deep-rooted but general fears about a behaviour or circumstance, for example agoraphobia  or social phobia.  Agoraphobia affects around 1.3% of people,  and social phobia, one of the most common anxiety disorders, [is estimated to affect around 12%. ](https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg159/documents/social-anxiety-disorder-final-scope2)  

## What is cognitive behavioural therapy?

‘CBT is a talking therapy that looks at how your thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes affect your feelings and behaviour,’ says Gauffin. ‘It’s based on the idea that how you think influences the way you feel and behave. A therapist helps you to identify negative thinking patterns and shows you what you can do to change them.’ 

There are a variety of techniques used in CBT, for example, keeping a record of your thoughts and also relaxation and breathing exercises. CBT helps you become more aware of the triggers that exacerbate your anxieties and fears. It is a short-term therapy that can be done face-to-face or online, usually once a week, for anything from five to twenty sessions.’

## 5 phobias that CBT helps

### __1.	Dental phobia__
For people with dental phobia, even the smells, sights, and sounds of a dental surgery can trigger an anxiety attack.  Many will avoid seeing a dentist and this can have serious implications on dental health. For most, therapy may be needed to help a patient overcome their fears – this is where CBT can be extremely useful.

In a [small 2018 study  on children and adolescents](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29358158/), internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) was shown to significantly decrease dental anxiety. In a one-year follow-up, over half the participants were still phobia-free. According to an older systematic review of the evidence, it was concluded that behavioural interventions like CBT could significantly improve dental anxiety in adults. 

### __2. Social phobia__
Social anxiety, also called social phobia, is a long-term and overwhelming fear of social situations.  It can have a huge impact on friendships, work and social life. For some, everyday activities like meeting people, starting conversations, talking on the phone, working, or being in groups can trigger [anxiety symptoms](/your-health/need-help-for-anxiety-here-are-your-questions-answered/). Social anxiety can lead to increased isolation and depression. [In a recent study](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-019-0668-2), CBT was shown to significantly reduce social anxiety.  

### __3. Agoraphobia__
Most people think agoraphobia is a fear of open spaces. But it’s much more complex than that, encompassing a fear of being in places or situations where escape may be difficult or impossible.  Agoraphobia initially starts off as a panic disorder, where you regularly experience panic attacks in certain situations and then avoid them more and more, until a phobia develops.

The standard treatment for agoraphobia, recommended by NICE, is CBT.  Now, a recent study  has shown that using a CBT- based mobile phone app can help to significantly reduce symptoms, which may be useful for people who are hard to reach, or for whom travel is a problem.

### __4.  Acrophobia (fear of heights)__
A fear of heights is one of the most common phobias in the world.  As well as bringing on a panic attack, it may also be accompanied by symptoms of vertigo. Sufferers usually try to manage their phobia by avoiding high places which can make life difficult when simply going into a lift can cause anxiety. 

Traditional CBT can be helpful for the treatment of the fear of heights. Plus, a recent [Dutch study ](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2728184) has found that using a self-guided virtual reality CBT based app (VR CBT) could also help reduce symptoms in sufferers after 3 weeks of treatment.

### __5. Emetophobia (fear of vomiting)__
An estimated 6-7 % of women and 1.7-3.1% of men are affected by an intense fear of vomiting.  People who have this phobia have a fear of losing control and vomiting in public. So they try to avoid situations where they might be sick. This may include avoiding eating out in a restaurant, having dinner at a friend’s house, trying new food, or leaving the house if there’s a tummy bug going around. A study (the first to evaluate CBT for a specific phobia of vomiting) showed that 58% of sufferers experienced an improvement in symptoms after a course of therapy.

__This article has been approved by Madeleine Gauffin, Licensed Psychologist and Psychotherapist at Kry.__


kry.co.uk > Your health > Did you know that CBT can help these 5 phobias?

Cognitive behavioural therapy CBT for phobias

Scared of heights, the dentist or social interaction? CBT helps you change the thoughts, beliefs and attitudes behind a phobia. A psychologist shares how

kry.co.uk > Your health >Did you know that CBT can help these 5 phobias?

5 phobias CBT can help with | Kry

Did you know that CBT can help these 5 phobias?

Mental health conditions are incredibly common, with at least [1 in 4 people experiencing some form of mental illness](https://edubirdie.com/blog/statistics-and-facts-about-mental-health-how-common-are-mental-health-problems) at some point in their lives. It’s incredibly important to be able to talk about our emotional wellbeing as easily as we talk about our physical health – especially as the topic of mental health is becoming less taboo.

‘GPs take mental health just as seriously as physical health, and we genuinely care about your wellbeing,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘If you chat to your GP about your symptoms and what’s concerning you, we can advise you on how to deal with things that seem difficult.’

Mental illness can be a tricky thing to talk about. If it doesn’t feel like the right time to start a conversation with a doctor, this guide can help towards making the first step.

## What do my mental health symptoms mean?

Mental health is a huge branch of medicine. There are various different symptoms people experience – and many things the symptoms might mean. Some of the most common mental health problems include: 

__Anxiety__
We all feel anxious at some point in our lives, from worrying about an exam or job interview, to going through life-changing events like having a baby. But if you find you’re feeling anxious without knowing why, or your [anxiety ](/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/)is starting to affect your day-to-day life, then it could be time to take the first step and speak to a GP.

‘Anxiety can manifest in several ways,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘It can cause psychological symptoms like [feelings of panic](/your-health/6-causes-of-panic-attacks-and-expert-tools-for-how-to-cope/), racing thoughts or difficulty concentrating, and it can also cause physical symptoms like sweating, a racing heart or breathing rate, feeling dizzy or trembling.

‘If your anxiety is causing these kinds of symptoms, is affecting your mood, appetite or sleep, or impacting your relationships or work life, then it’s time to get advice from a doctor,’ Dr McClymont advises.
If you have more questions about anxiety, you can find some answers to[ common questions around anxiety here](/your-health/need-help-for-anxiety-here-are-your-questions-answered/). 

__Depression__
Everyone gets low from time to time, but we start to call that feeling[ depression ](/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/)when it seriously impacts your life. When we’re depressed, we may be aware of feelings of sadness, even despair, and we may feel lethargic, have disturbed sleep or eating patterns, and be generally less resilient in the face of normal knock-backs and life events.

Sometimes depression symptoms are manageable and pass with time, but sometimes they aren’t, and it’s important to get help – ideally before you reach a crisis point. 

__Problems sleeping__
Disturbed sleep, or insomnia, is closely linked with depression and other mental health problems – everything can feel just that bit harder in the middle of the night, or after a bad night’s sleep. Sleeping problems can make mental health worse, and vice-versa – it’s all too easy to get stuck in a spiral of depression and sleeplessness, and it’s important to get help if your sleeping patterns are affecting your emotional wellbeing.

## How to prepare for a GP appointment about mental health

Sometimes it’s hard to remember exactly what we want to discuss with the doctor once we’re there. It can be helpful to prepare for the appointment so you can be sure you’ve covered everything you want to talk about. 

__Dr McClymont has 5 useful tips:__

1.	Note down some key points you’d like to talk about. That way, if you start to feel forgetful in your appointment, you’ll have a list to refer to.
2.	If you’re not sure what’s making you feel low or anxious, keeping a journal of how you feel day-to-day might give you an insight into triggers or patterns.
3.	Make a list of any medications you’re taking, including any over-the-counter or herbal supplements. If you take any illicit drugs, the doctor really needs to know so they can help you plan the best ways to manage your mental health. 
4.	Try and schedule your appointment for a time when you’re more likely to feel relaxed or alert.
5.	You can invite a friend or family member with you for support if you’d find that helpful. Sometimes it can even be useful for people close to you to talk to the doctor when they have concerns about your health. 

## What will happen at the appointment?

When you first see a GP about a mental health concern, they’ll need to ask you a series of questions about your mood, thoughts and behaviour. There are questionnaires that some GPs use, which will cover subjects like feelings of helplessness, whether or not you look forward to anything, what kinds of triggers you can identify, and anything in your lifestyle that might be causing problems. 

The doctor will ask about other aspects of your health and medical history, and might also ask about any family history of mental health problems or related conditions. 

‘Sometimes, talking about your feelings, traumatic events in your past, or your own triggers for mental illness can be difficult. Take your time, but do try to bring up anything you feel could be important, as it will help you get the right treatment,’ advises Dr McClymont.

The GP might also do some other quick routine physical health checks, like blood pressure and weight. 

## What might the GP do to help?

There are several different ways to approach mental health problems. The first step is to see whether there’s anything practical to do – if you’re in a situation which is causing you anxiety or depression, there might be ways for you to get out of that situation, or make it safer or easier to manage. Some of the triggers for mental illness need to be tackled head-on with practical solutions, so you may be asked about your current risk or history of trauma. 

A GP might also suggest some lifestyle changes, and if relevant, talk to you about alcohol, smoking, drug use, and other unhelpful patterns of behaviour. Sometimes, something that starts as a coping mechanism can become unhelpful, or even harmful. A healthy diet, exercise and simply getting outside and socialising might be some of the simple, practical changes that can help. 

There are also some treatment options that your GP can offer or advise on, including: 

- Antidepressant medications
- Referral to counselling, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), or other talking and strategy development therapies
- Recommendations for nearby organisations and charities that might be able to help

## What other help is available?

There are lots of groups and organisations designed by people with experience of mental illness, to offer support and advice throughout difficult times. And if you’re able to talk about your mental health with friends or family, you might be surprised by how many of them can empathise, or even have similar experiences. 

‘There are many different mental health charities available that are excellent at offering advice and further support if needed. If you have health problems that are affecting your work, it may also be helpful to talk to your manager or HR department. You don’t need to disclose more than you’re comfortable with, but it can give you another avenue for practical support,’ says Dr McClymont.

## How do I know when to ask for help?

Mental health conditions are very common, and different people deal with them in different ways. If you find that you cannot manage your mental health well on your own, then it’s important to have a chat with a GP. 
It’s great if you can access support before you reach a crisis point, but if you do get to a stage where you are at serious risk of harming yourself or others, this is a medical emergency. Local urgent mental health crisis teams are available round the clock. Otherwise, A&E departments are experienced in mental health crises and have psychiatric liaison teams on site.

‘There are good treatments available for mental health problems, and getting help earlier can limit the impact that it has on you, your mood and the quality of your life,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘If you need specialised help for mental health, a GP can also refer you to a psychiatry team. Anxiety, depression and other mental health concerns are common, and nothing to be ashamed or embarrassed about.’ 

If you’ve previously been speaking to mental health teams and have deteriorating symptoms, call your relevant ‘crisis number’ to be seen quickly. If you’re having suicidal thoughts, call 111 or 999 for emergency help.


Kry.co.uk > How to talk to a doctor about your mental health > CTA

See a GP for mental health

kry.co.uk > Your health > Talking about mental health – how a GP can help

Talking about mental health – how a GP can help

Many people find it hard to talk about mental health, but there’s lots of help available. A Kry lead GP shares advice on seeing a doctor for mental health.

kry.co.uk > Your health > Talking about anxiety – a doctor’s guide

Talking about mental health – how a GP can help | Kry

Reviewer > Dr Rhianna

Mental health

Immunisation is the process that [protects us against a specific disease through vaccination](https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/imz-basics.htm).  According to the [World Health Organization](https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization),  we’ve now developed vaccines for more than 20 life-threatening diseases, helping to prevent 2-3 million deaths every year. Most recently, Covid-19 vaccines have been given to [millions of people across Europe](/your-health/what-happens-after-ive-been-vaccinated-for-covid-19/), helping to reduce the number of cases dramatically.

‘Vaccines are the single most important development in the history of medical science,’ says Dr Alaeus. ‘They save millions of lives and protect whole communities.’

Here, we answer the biggest questions around vaccinations and immunisation – from how they work to why they matter.

## How do vaccines work?

Vaccines work by mimicking a mild form of a natural infection, says Dr Alaeus. They train the immune system to make antibodies, a type of immune cell that is specific to a particular pathogen – usually a virus or a type of bacteria.

It means that when the body encounters the pathogen for real, it knows what to do. And instead of experiencing a harmful or even fatal infection, the person usually has just a mild infection or no infection at all. Doctors call this immunisation, Dr Alaeus explains.

 ## What’s the difference between antibodies and antigens?

 Each pathogen has a unique set of antigens on its surface. When the pathogen invades the body, the immune system learns how to make immune cells that will target these antigens. These cells are called antibodies.

The antibodies and antigens fit together like a lock and key. When an antibody encounters the antigen it was designed to fight, it binds to it and destroys the pathogen.

## Can a vaccine give me the disease it’s supposed to prevent?

This depends on the type of vaccine. Live vaccines train the immune system by delivering a weakened version of the pathogen. People who have the measles vaccine, for example, may get a small rash and a slight fever. But the symptoms will be much milder than if they had the actual disease. 

Other vaccines deliver an inactivated (or killed) version of the pathogen, which doesn’t cause the disease. Examples include the inactivated polio vaccine and some inactivated flu vaccines.

Some Covid-19 vaccines use a new technology called messenger RNA (mRNA). They deliver a genetic code that the body uses to make Covid-19 antibodies. People [can’t get Covid-19 from the vaccine](/your-health/covid-19-vaccination-programme-doctor-q-and-a/). 

## Why are vaccines important for public health?

‘Immunisation is extremely important for public health,’ says Dr Alaeus.

‘Vaccines have given us the opportunity to save lives and reduce hospitalisations. They have also helped us to protect people against the harmful long-term effects of some infections.’

Before the polio vaccination, for example, people who survived the infection were often left with incurable health issues like paralysis or breathing difficulties.

On a societal level, vaccines reduce the financial and human costs associated with hospitalisation and long-term disabilities or health problems. 

They help people carry on with their lives and continue to contribute to their communities, says Dr Alaeus. 

## What’s herd immunity?

Herd immunity helps prevent the spread of infectious disease. It’s the primary goal of most vaccination programmes. 

It happens when [the majority of people in a country or a region have some level of immunity to a disease](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2772168).  People may have developed antibodies by fighting the infection naturally or through vaccination.

‘Polio and measles, for example, have almost been eradicated thanks to vaccine-induced herd immunity. Now, we only really see outbreaks when clusters of people decide not to get vaccinated,’ says Dr Alaeus.

## What is vaccine resistance and is it increasing? 

‘Some viruses go through lots of mutations. Sometimes a new strain can take over from the strain we’ve been building the vaccine against. This means we have to adapt the vaccine to make sure it’s still effective,’ says Dr Alaeus.

While there’s been a lot of coverage in the media around vaccine resistance during recent months, Dr Alaeus explains that it’s not a common occurrence.

‘Most viruses and bacterium are very stable. However, some respiratory tract infections, such as influenza and to some extent Covid-19, can adapt to escape immunity. 

‘But scientists are prepared for this. We have new techniques, and manufacturers and researchers can adapt the vaccines to the dominant viral strain,’ she adds.

## Why is childhood immunisation so important, even in healthy children?

Immunisation is a form of preventive healthcare. Rather than curing a disease, it helps avoid the potentially fatal or long-term impact of infectious disease, says Dr Alaeus.

This is especially important in low- and middle-income countries, where factors such as poor nutrition can leave children particularly susceptible.

Crucially, childhood immunisation also protects communities. ‘Even if an unvaccinated child doesn’t greatly suffer from an infection, they can easily transmit it to more vulnerable members of society: their grandparents or those with weakened immune systems.’

## What about travel vaccinations? Are they important and are they worth having?

Each country’s vaccination schedule is designed to protect its population from the diseases they’re most likely to encounter at home.

But when travellers go abroad, they can lack the antibodies they need to fight off infections they may be exposed to. What’s more, they may also bring serious diseases home to their family, friends and communities. 

That’s why most governments advise people to get vaccinated before going to certain countries. Some countries even require[ proof of vaccination against diseases such as polio or yellow fever before allowing tourists in](https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/emergencies/travel-advice/ith-travel-chapter-6-vaccines.pdf?sfvrsn=285473b4_4).  

Taking the recommended vaccines before travelling is the safest way to protect yourself, your family and your community, Dr Alaeus concludes. 

For more information on the Covid-19 vaccine rollout in your area, see the national vaccination programme in your country. Visit our [Covid-19 content hub](/your-health/coronavirus/) for more trusted information. 

Your immunisation glossary:

__Vaccine__: A type of medicine that stimulates a person’s immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, protecting the person from that disease. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections.
__Vaccination__: The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease.
__Immunisation__: The process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through vaccination. 
__Immunity__: Protection from an infectious disease. If you’re immune to a disease, you can be exposed to it without becoming infected.
__Pathogen__: Organisms like bacteria, viruses and parasites that cause disease in human beings.
__Antigen__: Foreign substances, like bacteria or viruses, that are capable of causing disease. The presence of antigens in the body triggers an immune response and usually the production of antibodies.
__Antibody__: A protein found in the blood that’s produced in response to foreign bacteria or viruses invading the body. Antibodies protect the body from disease by binding to these organisms and destroying them.

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Anette Alaeus, infectious diseases specialist at Kry.__


kry.co.uk > Your health > Why are vaccines and immunisation so important? Your top questions answered

Why are vaccines and immunisation so important? Your top questions answered

How does immunisation work and what is herd immunity? Dr Annette Alaeus, a Kry medical doctor and infectious disease specialist, shares expert information

Why are vaccines and immunisation so important? Doctor Q&A | Kry

For many of us, the Covid-19 pandemic has caused a dramatic shift in the way we work. Unpredictable workloads, less social interaction and, for some of us, the demands of running a home alongside our jobs has caused our [stress levels](/your-health/physical-signs-of-stress-on-the-body/) to rise. 

In 2019, [the World Health Organization](https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases)  highlighted [burnout](/your-health/7-early-signs-of-burnout/) caused by chronic workplace stress as an occupational phenomenon. A recent report by [YouGov and Microsoft](https://query.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com/cms/api/am/binary/RWxzz5)  found that 30% of UK employees are working longer hours and 53% feel they must be available all the time. 

## Why are we so stressed at work?

‘One of the most common triggers for stress is an unhealthy psychosocial work environment,’ says Kry Psychologist Dag Härdfeldt. That’s the interpersonal and social interactions that influence our behaviour and development at work. 

‘In many work situations, we encounter unclear expectations, shifting requirements, a blurred work-life balance and a lack of respect for free time,’ adds Härdfeldt. Concern about redundancy and the unpredictability of the future can also fuel our feelings of stress and overwhelm. 

## How can I better manage my workplace stress?

To help you cope better and manage feelings of work-related stress, Härdfeldt has these 5 tips for coping with the biggest stress triggers.

### 1. Stress trigger: Blurred work/life balance

__Suggestion__: Establish clear boundaries

Besides the more obvious advice like limiting your access to emails or work calls, Härdfeldt recommends making changes at home to help you establish clearer boundaries between work and time off.

‘Everyone’s situation and living space will be different, but try to isolate your work zone when you’re not on the clock,’ says Härdfeldt. That means steering clear of using your laptop in bed or taking work calls from the sofa when you can.

‘Our brains are conditioned to respond to our physical environment and the activity that takes place within them,’ says Härdfeldt. ‘It’s because of this that we often recommend to people with sleep disorders that the bedroom should only be used for resting or sex.’ 

### 2. Stress trigger: Unrealistic time management

__Suggestion__: Break down your work into main and sub-goals

One of the key triggers of stress is poor time management. Härdfeldt explains that this is often due to the uncertainty of deadlines, how long different aspects of your job might take and how far you think you should have progressed. 

‘Try breaking down your tasks into main goals and sub-goals,’ Härdfeldt suggests. The main goal is the end result – for example, a presentation. The sub-goals are the small goals you need to achieve to get there. 

‘The key difference between a main goal and a sub-goal is that it’s harder to determine when you’ve reached your main goal, or it can feel like you’re never properly finished. You can always keep improving or practising a presentation, for instance,’ explains Härdfeldt. ‘With sub-goals, you can create them in such a way that they can be divided into complete and not complete.’ 

The idea behind this is to help reduce the amount of decisions your brain needs to process. By dividing the whole task into manageable chunks, it’s much easier for your body’s stress system to cope. 

### 3. Stress trigger: Changing or overwhelming workloads

__Suggestion__: Learn to say no (even if it’s uncomfortable)

Sometimes saying no to things is necessary. But evidence has shown that saying no is more difficult for people who skew towards the ‘agreeableness’ end of the personality scale.

‘Agreeableness is related to an increased sense of empathy, kindness and compassion,’ Härdfeldt explains. ‘More agreeable people tend to say yes to reduce the chance of conflict.’ 

The first step to learning how to say no is to sit with the emotions that come up when you do it. Then, it’s about learning how to accept these emotions in order to build up your tolerance.

‘If you want to become better at it, practise just saying no. You don’t owe every person an explanation,’ says Härdfeldt. Of course, when talking to someone like your manager you may want to explain further, but keep it direct and clear: ‘At the moment I’m working on X, so no, I can’t do Y right now. I can get to it on Thursday.’ 

### 4. Stress trigger: Fewer social interactions

__Suggestion__: Don’t forget to check in with your colleagues 

Working remotely has affected how we socialise with our colleagues. Instead of impromptu coffees and quick catch-ups in the kitchen, we’re operating in a more functional way – working autonomously or scheduling focused video meetings. It means we have less time for those ‘water-cooler moments’. 

‘One of the most impactful things peers can do is attempt to understand their colleagues’ work situations,’ says Härdfeldt. ‘It needn’t be a grand gesture, but something as small as asking someone from a different department what their workload is like will show your support.’ 

Instead of getting straight into emails when you switch on your laptop, take a minute to check in with a colleague. You might find it’s a simple destresser for both of you.

### 5. Stress trigger: Unpredictability of your work environment

__Suggestion__: Ask your manager for support

Remember that your boss is there to support you, so schedule a regular one-to-one with them and use that time to raise any concerns you’re having.

‘It’s part of your manager’s responsibility to ensure that your psychosocial work environment isn’t having a detrimental effect on your mental health,’ advises Härdfeldt. ‘If you’re a manager yourself, show an interest in your employee’s specific work situation and ask if they have everything they need to perform their job properly.’  

## When to get professional help with work-related stress 

If you’re constantly feeling stressed or overwhelmed at work, it might be time to seek professional help. 

‘My advice is to talk to a doctor about your stress levels before you experience burnout. The sooner you put preventive measures in place, the better the prognosis is,’ explains Härdfeldt. 

‘If you feel your stress is getting worse, don’t try to push through it. Sometimes a period of sick leave is the best option, even if that might be difficult to accept. Severe burnout could alter your working capability in the long run.’ 

If you’re concerned about feelings of stress or overwhelm, book a meeting with a doctor to help identify the causes and the best support you can access.

__This article has been medically approved by Dag Härdfeldt, Kry psychologist.__


Section > Call out > GP CTA for content

Speak to a GP

kry.co.uk > Your health > A therapist’s guide to coping better with work-related stress 

A therapist’s guide to coping better with work-related stress 

Why are we so stressed at work? Kry psychologist Dag Härdfeldt explains and shares useful tips for managing workplace stress

kry.co.uk > Your health >A therapist’s guide to coping better with work-related stress 

How to cope better with work-related stress | Kry

Everyday mental wellbeing

How to cope better with work-related stress – a therapist's advice

Stress is a natural, essential part of our body’s response system. It stems from an innate survival instinct that we share with many other animals. When we experience something frightening or dangerous, stress is what drives us to react quickly, triggering our ‘fight or flight’ impulse. 

But chronic stress is completely different. While short-term stress can help us achieve important goals, long-term stress can actually cause serious health problems. Symptoms of stress include nagging feelings of worry, sleeplessness, [anxiety](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/), [depression](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/) and even physical illness. 

‘Long-term stress can cause a multitude of physical symptoms – such as headaches, muscle tension and digestive problems’, says Dr McClymont, Lead GP at Livi. ‘In turn, these symptoms often make us feel anxious, worried, and even more stressed! Recognising signs of stress, and taking action to reduce it, is important for breaking this negative cycle.’ 

## How your body responds to stress

When you’re under stress, your brain releases a ‘stress response’. This sends signals via the pituitary gland to the adrenal glands, to release the hormones cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline.

These hormones raise your blood pressure and give your body a dose of glucose that goes straight to your muscles. The idea is to get you ready and give you a boost of energy to respond to an immediate stressor.

Stress hormones are energising. They give you the motivation and focus to complete difficult tasks, solve problems, and reach your immediate goals. That’s why stress is good for you in small doses.

After the stressful situation has passed, your body can return to a normal, relaxed state. But ongoing, long-term stress – the kind that can’t easily be solved with a short burst of energy and focus – can cause serious physical signs of stress.

## Where might I spot the physical signs of stress?

__The immune system__ 
Stress initially inhibits the immune system – the chemicals our body releases to deal with immediate threat aren’t designed to keep us healthy long-term. People affected by chronic stress can find their immune system affected, making them susceptible to [colds](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/infections/common-cold/), flu and other infections.  

__The liver__
Our liver gives us a boost of glucose when we’re stressed, enabling us to physically respond to stressors. Long-term, this constant release increases our risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and can make it hard for us to maintain a healthy weight. 

__Digestion__
Our guts are surprisingly sensitive organs, and respond to hormone imbalances, stress, and many physical and mental health conditions with pain, bloating, and sometimes changes in bowel habit.

__Nervous system__
[Chronic stress affects dopamine levels](https://elifesciences.org/articles/46797), which is one of the reasons long-term stress makes us more vulnerable to mental illness. It can particularly make us seek short-term rewards like sugary, fatty or salty foods, affecting our weight and overall health.

__Through weight gain or loss__
Increased cortisol levels stop our bodies from breaking down fat, so it can make it hard for us to lose weight or keep weight off. It can even influence our shape, with research suggesting it can lead to [more abdominal fat](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14618117/). Chronic stress can also make us look for immediate comfort in foods. 
On the other hand, some people find that they have a decreased appetite when stressed, as adrenaline levels – and sometimes the depression that can go hand-in-hand with chronic stress – affects appetite.

__Skin__
Even our skin responds to stress, with inflammation and worsening of skin conditions like [acne](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/skin-conditions/acne/), eczema and [psoriasis](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/skin-conditions/psoriasis/). 

__Headaches__
The release of stress hormones can cause changes in the blood vessels around the brain, causing [tension headaches and migraines](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/9-types-of-headache-and-what-you-can-do/).

__Hormonal imbalance__
Long-term stress can impact hormonal balance and reproductive cycles and - especially for women – can disrupt periods and make us more affected by the mood and emotional changes throughout the cycle. Stress and related conditions can also affect [sex drive](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/8-causes-of-low-libido-a-doctors-guide/) and even fertility. 

## Stress and mental health

Chronic stress is incredibly closely linked with our risk of serious mental health conditions, and chronic stress, anxiety, and depression are closely related. Over time, chronic stress can make you more susceptible to mental and emotional illness. Some people find coping strategies that can actually make us more unwell – smoking and drinking alcohol are common ways people try to handle stress. 

‘Finding healthy coping strategies for stress isn’t always easy, but it’s really important,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘Exercise, mindfulness and talking therapies are excellent ways of dealing with stress. If you find yourself turning to unhealthy coping mechanisms like alcohol or smoking, then be open about this with a doctor.’ 

## How to reduce stress levels

Some of the stressors in our lives are things that we can take some practical control over – some of them are not. When we can’t take away the thing that’s causing us stress, we need to find ways of responding to that stress without becoming unwell. Some good ways to reduce stress can include: 

__Sleep well__
Getting enough sleep and sticking to regular hours can make a huge difference to how well we cope with everyday stress. Remember that stimulants like late-night screen time, alcohol, big meals and nicotine can stop us getting to sleep. Caffeine can still affect us around 6 hours after drinking it, so cut out the coffee early in the afternoon.

__Stay in touch__
Even when you don’t feel like it, trying to maintain your social life is important. It might even help to talk to friends and family about what’s going on in your life, but if you’re not comfortable with that, just socialising with them can help you feel more positive.

__Eat well__
One of the best things we can do for our physical and mental health is to [eat a healthy diet](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/6-tips-for-healthy-cooking-at-home/). This means lots of fruit and vegetables, wholegrains, and lean proteins. 

__Meditate__
[Breathing exercises](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/3-breathing-exercises-a-psychologist-recommends/) and mindfulness techniques have become popular stress-management strategies over the last few years, and they’re supported by good clinical evidence. 

__Get outside__
Even a little bit of time outdoors can energise us, help us maintain a good sleep pattern, and improve our mental and physical health. Exercise is particularly good for stress relief. 

__Professional help__
Stress and related conditions are incredibly common, and there’s a lot of experienced professional advice available. Getting support from a GP can be the first step towards reducing stress. 

‘Stress and its physical symptoms are a common reason people speak to their GP. If you’re struggling with stress there are options available for support, and it’s always okay to ask for help.’

If you’re concerned about your stress levels and the effect stress is having on your health, book a meeting with a Livi doctor.


livi.co.uk > Your health > How does stress affect the body

7 ways stress affects the body image

Long-term stress can cause health problems. Discover how stress affects the body physically, and how to reduce stress levels

kry.co.uk > Your health > How does stress affect the body

How does stress affect the body? | Physical signs of stress | Kry

How does stress affect the body? 

There are some common conditions that could have a number of causes, for example depression, tiredness or unexplained weight gain. But when they also come with other symptoms like constipation or sensitivity to cold, they may signal a thyroid problem. 

It’s estimated that 200 million people worldwide have some form of thyroid problem. The two most common thyroid disorders are hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) with women 10 times more likely to be affected than men.

## What is the thyroid gland?

The thyroid gland has a small, butterfly shape and is located in the front of the neck, just below the larynx. It produces two hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Two areas of the brain, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, control the hormone balance in the blood and the amount of thyroid hormones to be produced and secreted.

Thyroid hormones regulate energy, metabolism, body temperature, body weight, muscle strength, appetite, breathing, growth, the reproductive system and also heart, brain and kidney function. When your thyroid is functioning well and producing the right amount of hormones, everything runs smoothly. 

Lifestyle factors are important if you want to keep your thyroid healthy. Eating a nutritious, balanced diet, getting enough sleep, exercising regularly, managing stress levels and a healthy immune system all go a long way to keeping your thyroid in balance. 

## What can go wrong with the thyroid?

There are different types of thyroid disorders, including:

- __Goitre__ – enlarged thyroid, most commonly caused by low levels of the mineral iodine
- __Graves’ disease__ – an autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism
- __Hashimoto’s disease__ – an autoimmune disease that cause hypothyroidism
- __Thyroid nodules__ – 90% of these are usually benign
- __Thyroid cancer__ – although this is a rare type of cancer

The two most common disorders are hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism – so let’s look at some of their common symptoms.

Because these symptoms could be down to many other reasons, we’ve also listed some other potential common causes that your doctor may ask you about — along with other thyroid symptoms to look out for too, also below.

## Symptoms of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)

This is where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). As hormone levels fall, the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) rises. The result is that you can feel tired, cold and depressed. It’s more common for women to get thyroid problems like this, especially around menopause, but hypothyroidism occurs at all ages. Common symptoms include:

### - Tiredness 
When thyroid hormones drop, your body processes slow down. Your metabolism and heart rate become slower, blood circulation becomes more sluggish and energy levels go down. This can leave you feeling exhausted.    

__Other causes of tiredness__
Stress,[ lack of sleep](/your-health/5-sleep-problems-to-discuss-with-a-doctor/), post-viral fatigue, overworking, psychological factors, food intolerances and nutritional deficiencies, including [iron deficiency](/your-health/a-doctors-guide-to-iron-deficiency-symptoms-causes/) [anaemia](/your-health/a-doctors-guide-to-iron-deficiency-symptoms-causes/), can all lead to tiredness. If you’re concerned, always talk to your doctor, who can test for other problems such as low iron levels. 

### - Weight gain 
When the thyroid is not producing enough hormones, it can lead to a low basal metabolic rate (BMR). When your metabolism is slowed down, this means you’re not burning energy (calories) as efficiently, so weight goes on more easily. Weight gain and bloating can also occur due to fluid retention. 

__Other reasons for weight gain__
Underactive thyroid weight gain is nearly always accompanied by other symptoms. But if weight gain is your only symptom, it could be that you’re overeating, not exercising enough or you’re producing too much of the hormone cortisol due to stress and this is causing you to accumulate fat, particularly around the abdomen. It’s still worth talking to a doctor about this.   

### - Depression 
Thyroid hormones play an important role in maintaining healthy brain function. When they are low, [depression](/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/) may result. For example, thyroid hormones help to regulate the [hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis](https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jtr/2012/590648/), involved in the regulation of emotions, moods and behaviours. Depression induced by an underactive thyroid can be reversed with hypothyroid treatment.

__Other causes of depression__
Lack of sleep, poor diet, lack of natural light, stress, feeling powerless, upsetting life events (like a bereavement, losing your job, or a relationship break-up), physical, sexual or emotional abuse, low self-esteem, traumatic events or an unstable home situation. If you’re feeling depressed and this is beginning to affect your daily life, you should always seek help. Always talk to a GP, who may refer you for counselling or psychotherapy or prescribe medication where appropriate. Read more on [help for depression](/your-health/help-for-depression-7-daily-tools-to-improve-your-mood/).

### - Constipation
An underactive thyroid slows down digestion. This can mean the transit of wastes through the gastrointestinal system takes longer, making you more prone to constipation.

Other common hypothyroidism symptoms to report to your doctor include:

- Sensitivity to cold
- General lethargy
- Lack of energy
- Muscle and joint aches
- Fluid retention
- Dry skin
- Hair that is thinning or brittle; hair loss
- Menstrual irregularities in women, such as heavier, more frequent periods
- Difficulty concentrating  
- Swelling of the face
- Low heart rate and low blood pressure

### Testing for hypothyroidism

Your doctor can take a blood test and measure different values to see what is causing the problem. If the thyroid gland is also enlarged, further investigations may be done such as ultrasound, fine needle puncture and cell samples.

### Treatment for hypothyroidism
Daily hormone replacement tablets can be given on prescription by a doctor. The dosage varies depending on the individual and needs to be monitored regularly. Hypothyroidism can be a transient condition, which means you may not need to be on medication long term.

## Symptoms of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)

This is where the thyroid gland produces too many thyroid hormones. This causes the whole system to speed up; feeling like the body is on ‘high’. Common signs of an overactive thyroid include:

### - Weight loss (despite eating normally)
Too many thyroid hormones cause the metabolism to speed up, causing weight loss. But sudden weight loss may happen for a number of reasons, for example, after a traumatic event. It may be caused by some of the side effects of alcohol or drug misuse, heart, kidney, lung or liver disease, gut problems, dental issues, dysphagia (problems swallowing), diabetes or dementia.

### - Frequent trips to the loo
Thyroid hormones act on the gastrointestinal tract so an excess can cause more frequent bowel movements, including diarrhoea. Kidney function may also be affected, causing more frequent urination.

__Other common causes__
If you’re urinating a lot and feeling thirsty, ask your doctor to test for diabetes. If you’re a man and constantly feel the urge to pee (especially if you’re finding it hard to empty your bladder) tell a GP, as you may need your prostate gland checked. [Urinary tract infections (UTIs)](/your-health/utis-your-questions-answered/) may also be a cause. If you have any change in bowel habits, always talk to a doctor.

### - Anxiety  
Thyroid hormones help to regulate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). When the SNS is overstimulated this triggers the body’s ‘fight or flight’ response, leading to increased heart rate, anxiety, irritability, mood swings, panic attacks, and affects your ability to deal with stress.

Stress, traumatic life events, lack of sleep and poor diet can also lead to a[nxiety](/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/). Always talk to your doctor, who may be able to provide a course of therapy or medication.

Other common symptoms of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) include:

- Nervousness
- Tiredness
- Weakness
- Palpitations and increased heart rate
- Increased sweating
- Insomnia
- Dry skin and hair (which may be thinning)
- Mood swings
- Sensitivity to heat
- Menstrual irregularities in women (for example, shorter, scantier and irregular periods)
- Swelling in the neck from an enlarged thyroid gland (goitre)
- Eye symptoms
- Tremor

### Testing for hyperthyroidism

Your doctor can take a blood test and measure different values to see what is causing the problem. If the thyroid gland is also enlarged, further investigations may be done such as ultrasound, fine needle puncture and cell samples.

### Treatment for hyperthyroidism
Daily hormone replacement tablets can be given on prescription by a doctor. The dosage varies depending on the individual and needs to be monitored regularly. Hypothyroidism can be a transient condition, which means you may not need to be on medication long term.

### Should I get help for thyroid symptoms?
If you suspect that your symptoms might be thyroid-related, talk to a GP who can perform the tests mentioned above. Your symptoms might have different causes, but a blood test can help determine whether there is a thyroid problem and what treatment is required. Even if thyroid problems are ruled out, a Kry doctor may be able to help by, for example, prescribing a course of therapy or medication to help with symptoms of anxiety or depression.


kry.co.uk > Your health > Thyroid symptoms to check with a doctor

Thyroid symptoms to check with a doctor

200 million people worldwide have some form of thyroid problem – usually hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Here’s a guide to symptoms of each

Thyroid symptoms to check with your doctor | Kry

Family

Family health

On average, most people go for a pee around 6 or 7 times a day, though everyone’s a bit different. If you find that you’re going to the toilet much more than this, you might have problems with urinary frequency.

Feeling like you need to pee all the time can interfere with your life. It can mean planning your day around access to a toilet, it can affect your quality of sleep, and can lead to feelings of [anxiety](/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/). Urinary frequency can affect anyone, but we’re more likely to get it as we age.

‘Urinary frequency is a problem we see quite often as GPs, most commonly in women and people who have given birth,‘ says Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry. ‘A few simple measures or lifestyle changes can often make a big difference to your symptoms. But if you’re worried, or these changes are not helping you, then it’s definitely a good idea to chat to a doctor.’

Here are some reasons you might have a constant need to pee, and how to help keep it under control.

## 7 causes of urinary frequency and what you can do

 ### 1. Drinking lots of fluids

The most common cause for needing to pee all the time is also the most simple. Drinking more fluids than usual will mean you need to go to the toilet more often. Forgetting to drink all day then getting thirsty in the evening might also lead to needing the toilet more during the night – this is known as nocturia.

We’re often encouraged to drink more liquids, but if you think you have problems with urinary frequency, try monitoring your intake over the course of a few days. See if there are any patterns that might be causing you to pee more, like the times you tend to drink, and see if it helps to change things up.

### 2. Choosing the wrong drinks

Some drinks in particular can give you a strong, frequent urge to pee – caffeinated drinks like coffee, tea, energy drinks, and even cola can make you need to go more often. [Alcohol](/your-health/6-health-benefits-of-drinking-less/) is a particular culprit for a constant need to pee.

### 3. UTIs

[Urinary tract infections (UTIs)](/your-health/utis-your-questions-answered/) commonly cause symptoms of urinary frequency, as well as urgency (not getting much notice when you need to go) and sometimes a burning sensation when you pee. If this happens a lot, lasts more than a couple of days, if your urine is cloudy, blood-stained or smells bad, or if you feel generally unwell with UTI symptoms, you should see a GP. 

### 4. Diabetes

Having high blood sugar can make you feel very thirsty, needing to drink more and, in turn, pee more. 

### 5. Pregnancy

Carrying a baby can put tremendous pressure on the bladder, and cause the muscles of the pelvic floor to relax a little, meaning that urinary frequency and urgency are common. Doing exercises to strengthen pelvic floor muscles can be helpful for everyone, not just women – these are called Kegels, and there are apps that can help with this.

### 6. Constipation

A very full bowel can put pressure on the bladder and can even squeeze the urethra, meaning your bladder might not empty properly when you do go to the toilet. 

Usually a [good diet](/your-health/8-ways-to-make-healthier-food-choices-every-day/), plenty of healthy fluids and exercise is enough to keep bowels healthy and regular. Pharmacists are a good source of advice on over-the-counter remedies, but if constipation is frequent or difficult to manage, you should speak to a GP. 

### 7. An overactive bladder

Sometimes there’s no obvious underlying cause, and the constant urge to pee might just be described as an ‘overactive bladder’, or a ‘sensitive bladder’. This could be the muscles that control the bladder becoming weaker, especially as we age, or sometimes after childbirth.

It’s important to know that getting into the habit of going to the toilet as soon as you get the urge can actually make things worse, as the bladder never fully fills and it loses its tone. But you can retrain your bladder by holding on a little longer before going for a pee. It takes several months, but can be an effective way of getting your bladder used to holding larger volumes of pee for longer periods of time. A Kry GP can provide more guidance to help with bladder retraining. 

## When should I get help for urinary frequency? 

There are several conditions that can cause a frequent urge to pee, and they all have different treatments, so it’s important to get properly assessed by a doctor if taking simple steps at home hasn’t helped. 

‘If you’re struggling to identify a simple cause of urinary frequency that can be managed at home, it’s best to discuss the problem with a GP. In your appointment, the cause may become clear from your medical history and associated symptoms, or you may need to have further tests to investigate,’ says Dr McClymont.

Some people might already know they have a condition that affects how much they pee, like reduced kidney or heart function. If you take medications for such conditions – particularly diuretics for chronic heart conditions – you must not stop taking them without advice from a doctor, even if you’re struggling with a constant need to pee. 

‘Many chronic health conditions, like diabetes, kidney failure or prostate problems, can affect how frequently you need to pass urine. Many of the medications we use can also affect this frequency. Everyone needs support to manage complex conditions, so always check in with a doctor’ says Dr McClymont.

If you’re struggling with incontinence – not knowing when you’re passing urine, never quite managing to get to the toilet on time, or leaking as soon as you feel the urge to go, that’s a slightly different issue, and might need a different approach. If incontinence is a problem, a GP can refer you to a continence service with specialists in helping people with bladder or bowel control. 


kry.co.uk > Your health > Urinary frequency: what a constant need to pee could mean

Urinary frequency: what a constant need to pee could mean

A nearly constant need to pee – known as ‘urinary frequency’ – can be uncomfortable and annoying. Discover the causes and what you can do to help

Urinary frequency: what a constant need to pee could mean | Kry

Dr Bryony Henderson

kry.co.uk > Your health > Articles

All articles

See a KRY GP download app

Your health 

Kry UK

Kry is Europe’s leading digital healthcare provider. We combine digital technology with clinical expertise to help NHS services and health insurers solve the biggest challenges in healthcare.