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Thought your menstrual cycle was just about your period? In fact, your cycle is much more than just bleeding, and it can impact everything from your energy levels and mental health to your libido and skin. 

‘It’s a fascinating process that’s controlled by hormones communicating with the brain and other organs,’ says Dr Elisabeth Rosén. ‘The core purpose of your menstrual cycle is to achieve a pregnancy, but this impacts your entire body in different ways.’

## How long does a menstrual cycle last?

The average menstrual cycle is 28 days, but it can last anywhere between [21 and 45 days](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470216/).  

![Your menstrual cycle explained](//images.ctfassets.net/h8qzhh7m9m8u/1P99JvlOCW30FoWl6TJlsz/a7f3ad57ace81e37014cff3d731f30cf/Menstraulcycle.jpg)

[Irregular menstrual cycles](/your-health/what-causes-heavy-or-irregular-periods-a-doctors-guide/) are common too, especially if you’re experiencing mental or physical stress, or significant fluctuations in weight. ‘The body is clever – it won’t allow ovulation if it’s not ready for a pregnancy,’ says Dr Rosén.

But there are times when irregularities may suggest that something else is going on. ‘If your cycle is suddenly shorter than 21 days, it’s worth considering that it might not be a menstrual bleed but something else, which could suggest an infection in the uterus or changes to the cervix,’ Dr Rosén explains. 

‘Similarly, an ovarian cyst can affect the fine balance of all our hormones, and conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can cause your cycle to last longer than 35 days. 

‘Later in life, irregular cycles are also the first sign of decreasing fertility and the start of [perimenopause](/your-health/7-signs-of-perimenopause-a-doctors-guide/).’ 

## Which hormones control the menstrual cycle?

### Oestrogen
Oestrogen is a female sex hormone produced by follicles in the ovaries. The most important job of oestrogen is to regulate the menstrual cycle. It makes the lining of the uterus – the endometrium – thicker and more receptive to a fertilised egg. Oestrogen peaks just before ovulation.

### Progesterone
Progesterone is the other main female sex hormone. It’s produced by the corpus luteum – the leftover follicle after an egg has been released during ovulation. Its main job is to keep the endometrium in place and optimise it for implantation, and it peaks around day 21 of the menstrual cycle or about a week after ovulation

### FSH
FSH, or follicle-stimulating hormone, is produced in the pituitary gland in the brain. Its role is to get the egg follicles to mature, and it also plays a major role in kick-starting puberty. 

FSH rises during menstruation. It drops a couple of days before ovulation, when it’s important in the process of the body choosing only one egg for further maturation. It then rises again and helps facilitate ovulation before dropping to its lowest levels just before menstruation.

### LH
LH, or luteinising hormone, is also produced in the brain. Its job is to make ovulation happen and release the egg that’s the most mature. The production of LH is triggered when oestrogen levels peak, and it’s the spike in LH that makes ovulation happen. 

## The key phases of the menstrual cycle

### 1. Follicular phase

__When?__

From around the first day of your period until ovulation.

__What happens?__

‘The eggs in your ovaries are always there, trying to grow, but they’re only released for fertilisation when the hormonal balance is exactly right,’ says Dr Rosén. 

During this phase, the pituitary gland starts to produce FSH in response to the low levels of both oestrogen and progesterone. 

The FSH makes the follicles grow and produce oestrogen. The lining of your uterus grows thicker in preparation for a fertilised egg to get implanted, and eventually, when the oestrogen reaches a certain level, the FSH level drops. 

__How will it make me feel?__

__Potential migraines__ – ‘Oestrogen levels are low at the beginning of the follicular phase, so if you’re prone to hormonal migraines, this is when you’re likely to get them.’

__Increased libido__ – ‘Oestrogen tends to stimulate libido, so you may notice your sex drive increasing throughout the follicular phase,’ says Dr Rosén. This is your body’s way to try to get you pregnant, which is also why your vagina can feel fuller and your discharge more slippery. 

__Fuller breasts__ – Towards the end of the follicular phase, your breasts can feel fuller as well. 

![Follicular phase](//images.ctfassets.net/h8qzhh7m9m8u/45imWitDo6ggytBM8IzTBB/658df8e87c6ab8d29b3f06166cd49710/Follicular_phase.jpg)

### 2. Ovulation

__When?__

Ovulation occurs around day 14 in a 28-day cycle.

__What happens?__

At the end of the follicular phase, one egg – or in rare circumstances, one from each ovary – has won the growth competition and is ready for release. 

‘The mature egg produces so much oestrogen that it triggers the pituitary gland to release LH, which frees the egg,’ explains Dr Rosén. ‘It takes the egg around 24 hours to travel through the fallopian tube, where it must be fertilised for a pregnancy to happen.’ The egg survives for 24 hours, while sperm survive for up to 5 days.

__How will it make me feel?__

__Increased body temperature__ – ‘Your body temperature will rise by about half a degree Celsius just after you ovulate, because the sperm like it that way,’ says Dr Rosén. 

__Softer, more open cervix__– ‘The blood flow to the uterus will peak, and the cervix opens to welcome the sperm. You can have a feel – it’s usually quite hard and backwards-leaning, but just before and during ovulation it will be soft and open, and you’ll get that egg white-like discharge that helps to support the sperm.’

![Ovulation](//images.ctfassets.net/h8qzhh7m9m8u/1AKXjprMbeUWSmWlmH0S60/0355db8a4a632268eb2164df0394b77d/Ovulation.jpg)

### 3. Luteal phase

__When?__

The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle starts when the egg has been released during ovulation, so around 14 days before your period starts.

__What happens?__

The egg leaves behind its shell – the corpus luteum – which starts to produce progesterone to help the lining of the uterus mature. 

‘The body is waiting for a fertilised egg to move down through the fallopian tube and grow large enough to attach to the wall of the uterus, which takes a few days,’ says Dr Rosén. 

‘At around day 21, the corpus luteum can’t cope any more, and progesterone production starts to decrease. Eventually, progesterone and oestrogen levels are so low that the uterus lining breaks down, which is what becomes the period of bleeding.’

__How will it make me feel?__

__Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)__ – If you’re among the 80% of women who suffer from some sort of PMS,  this is the phase when you’re likely to experience it. ‘Progesterone has a calming effect, and its levels are low in this stage – so you might feel agitated, irritated and low,’ says Dr Rosén. 

__Hormonal acne__ – ‘Hormonal acne is usually worse during the luteal phase, again because of lack of progesterone.’

### 4. Menstruation

__When?__

The first day of your period is known as day 1 of your menstrual cycle, and this is also the first day of your follicular phase (see phase 1 above). The average cycle lasts 28 days, but this varies between different people.

__What happens?__

‘If you don’t get pregnant, you get your period as the lining of the uterus breaks down,’ says Dr Rosén. ‘During the luteal phase, when progesterone levels are high, the brain’s production of FSH and LH goes down to a minimum. When progesterone levels are low again, the cycle restarts and you go back to the follicular phase.’ 

__How will it make me feel?__

__Bleeding__ – Most people bleed for 3-5 days,  but this varies. 

__Potential cramping__ – Many experience mild cramping and discomfort during menstruation. If your pain is very severe, or you have an unusually heavy period or other worrying symptoms, there might be something else going on, so it’s best to talk to a doctor.

### 5. When am I most fertile?

‘During ovulation. The timing of this varies, but it’s usually 14 days before the first day of your period,’ says Dr Rosén. 

Getting to know your body throughout the menstrual cycle can be helpful, especially if you’re trying to conceive. ‘Pay attention to your vaginal discharge, have a feel of your cervix and notice if your breasts are starting to feel tender,’ Dr Rosén adds. ‘You’ll get to know the signs.’

![Menstruation](//images.ctfassets.net/h8qzhh7m9m8u/1HYsHbk9Y1lazvUjchJgh6/7c27ef46453ba60546e9823fc8363fe9/Menstruation.jpg)

### 6. How will my menstrual cycle change throughout my life?

__From your first period...__

The average age of getting your first period is just over 12 years, but this usually ranges from 9-15 years.  ‘It takes a while for your body to adjust and get the balance of all the hormones right, but after about a year, your periods should be regular,’ says Dr Rosén. 

__Through potential pregnancy and later life...__

With the exception of pregnancies and breastfeeding, and occasional skipped periods if you’re very stressed, your periods should continue regularly until you’re in your mid-40s. 

‘As we get older, the quality of our eggs declines, which is why the risk of miscarriage and chromosomal abnormalities increases. The corpus luteum also becomes less effective at producing progesterone, so your menstrual cycle might become shorter,’ says Dr Rosén. This is usually the very first sign of perimenopause.

__Ending with perimenopause and menopause...__

‘After a while, you start to run out of eggs, and you won’t have your cycle every month. Despite not ovulating, your ovaries will still produce oestrogen, causing your uterus lining to grow. But as you’re not ovulating, you’re not producing progesterone – and so eventually the lining becomes so heavy it just falls out. 

‘That’s why you can get very irregular but heavy, long-lasting bleeds until around the age of 51. After this time, if you haven’t had a period in a year, then you’re officially in menopause.’

![menstrual life line](//images.ctfassets.net/h8qzhh7m9m8u/2wso5QPqcJmY5XqYJn9CsP/7c070fcb3a9df99bdded641486256ab3/menstrual_life_line.jpg)

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Elisabeth Rosén, a medical doctor at Kry who specialises in gynaecology and obstetrics.__


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Kry.co.uk > Your health > Your menstrual cycle explained

Your menstrual cycle explained

Dr Elisabeth Rosén, a medical doctor at Kry who specialises in gynaecology, explains everything you need to know about the menstrual cycle

Your menstrual cycle explained | Menstrual cycle phases | Kry UK

Coping with grief can affect every part of our lives. Sadly, many more of us are experiencing loss due to the Covid-19 pandemic – with demand for support from bereavement charities rising rapidly.

It’s a natural and human response to experience grief. It may be from the death of a loved one, a relationship break-up or a divorce. ‘Grief is a reaction towards a significant loss of some kind,’ Härdfeldt explains. ‘It doesn’t have to be a person – it can be a loss of anything, including a pet, a job or a routine.’ 

If you’re experiencing grief, here are 5 helpful things to remember. 

## 1.	There’s no right or wrong way to grieve

Grief isn’t a linear process and people don’t experience grief and loss in the same way. Bereavement can bring up a range of difficult emotions as we gradually come to terms with the loss. 

In 1969, a Swiss-American psychiatrist named Elizabeth Kübler-Ross suggested that [people experience 5 stages of grief](https://grief.com/images/pdf/5%20Stages%20of%20Grief.pdf)  after losing a loved one. Härdfeldt says that the 5 stages – denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance – are a helpful model to normalise and understand some of our reactions and behaviours when grieving. 

But not everyone will experience the 5 stages, and even though we may share similar experiences to others, your grief experience is unique and yours alone. According to Härdfeldt, this is due to a multitude of factors, including: 

- Individual memories
- Personality traits
- Strengths and weaknesses 
- Emotional intensity

‘On top of that, every attachment we have to a person or object is unique,’ he says. 

## 2.	There are other ways of coping than just ‘moving on’ 

Moving on after loss isn’t easy. There are alternative ways of coping with grief that mean you don’t aim to move on but instead incorporate the loss into your life. ‘A supportive model on grief is the [dual-process theory by Margaret Stroebe and Henk Schut](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2190/OM.61.4.b),  which suggests that a certain degree of avoidance and distraction isn’t just necessary to the grieving process but also helpful,’ Härdfeldt says. 

The dual-process model allows you to switch from feeling sad and dwelling on the past to putting the pain aside and distracting yourself from your grief momentarily. 

‘Painful memories don’t just fade away,’ explains Härdfeldt. ‘We need to create new associations that are more powerful. So, if you’re finding it difficult to cope, I’d suggest putting yourself in a position where your mind is challenged.

‘The distractions can be small, like rearranging your home, or more complex, like learning a new language or skill. They can also be more impactful changes like forming new relationships. Try to strike a balance between the different processes.’ 

Joining a club, taking a class, exercising regularly and going out with friends might also be helpful distractions. 

Härdfeldt highlights the importance of self-care during bereavement, too. ‘Grief affects the whole body, even the immune system,’ he says. ‘A well-balanced diet, plenty of rest and sleep are essential while you’re grieving.’ 

## 3.	Grief and depression aren’t the same

Both grief and depression can be extremely debilitating, frightening and painful, but they’re entirely different experiences. They can sometimes feel alike because they share similar symptoms, including: 

- Intense sadness 
- Feeling disconnected from what’s happening around you
- Disrupted sleep 
- Loss of appetite
- Reduced concentration
- Tiredness and exhaustion

Unlike grief, depression is a medical condition, which can be treated with therapy and medication. It tends to be more persistent and the feelings are more all-consuming. 

Grief and its related symptoms tend to occur in waves and decrease over time. ‘The main difference is that depression can and should be treated, while grief cannot be treated with medication,’ says Härdfeldt.

In some cases, intense grief never recedes and affects a person’s day-to-day life on a long-term basis. This condition is known as [complicated grief](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6053994/)  or [persistent complex bereavement disorder
](https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crips/2020/3632060/)

‘If after 6 months you still can’t work, eat, sleep or function properly and are overwhelmed by feelings of yearning, pain and distress, you should seek professional help,’ says Härdfeldt.

## 4.	Talking about your loss with those close to you can help

A strong support network following a loss is often crucial for bereaved people. Grief isn’t easy to discuss, but it’s something we will all experience at some point. 

Opening up about how you feel to people you trust can prevent you from feeling isolated. Find someone you can be honest with and who will listen with an open heart. ‘Talking with your loved ones about how you’re feeling can be one of the most powerful emotional tools there is,’ says Härdfeldt. 

‘But it’s perfectly acceptable not to engage with others about your emotions if you don’t feel comfortable. Some people also prefer to talk with someone they don’t have an attachment to because it makes it easier to focus on the loss.’ 

## 5.	Seeking professional help and support if you need it is important 

‘If you feel you need extra guidance, I’d recommend seeing a health professional, like a grief counsellor,’ advises Härdfeldt. Make an appointment to speak to a doctor, who is likely to refer you for counselling, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or other talking therapies. CBT can be effective in helping you come to terms with grief and loss.

You could also contact a grief counsellor directly, or get in touch with a bereavement charity or support group that offers support. ‘Both group and individual therapy have been shown to help,’ says Härdfeldt. ‘A therapist or counsellor can help you make sense of any complex emotions you may have.’

This article has been medically approved by Dr Dag Härdfeldt, Psychologist at Kry.

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Kry.co.uk > Your health > A therapist’s advice for coping with grief in your own way 

A therapist’s advice for coping with grief in your own way

Dag Härdfeldt, Kry Psychologist, shares his advice on the important things to remember when coping with grief and loss. Get expert advice with Kry

Kry.co.uk > Your health > A therapist’s advice for coping with grief in your own way

A therapist’s advice for coping with grief and loss | Kry UK

Life events

How to cope with grief in your own way – a therapist's advice

Want to know the answer to what drives your appetite? It may not be down to a lack of willpower – it could actually be your hormones. Hormones play a key role in regulating your mood and improving your sleep, but they also have a significant effect on your appetite and eating behaviour and can help you [maintain a healthy body weight](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-sustainable-and-healthy-weight-loss-according-to-a-doctor/). 

The key hormones involved in regulating your body’s appetite are ghrelin, which causes hunger pangs, and leptin, which tells your brain when you’ve eaten enough. 

‘Hormones that affect your appetite are an extremely complicated area of research, involving so many different factors,’ says Dr Guyomar. Here, she shares how they work and the lifestyle factors that will help to keep them working in harmony. 

## What is ghrelin?

Known as the ‘hunger hormone’, ghrelin stimulates your appetite by signalling to your brain it’s time to eat. As well as making you want to eat more food, it also promotes fat storage. Ghrelin is produced in the stomach with smaller amounts secreted by the brain, small intestine and pancreas. 

‘Although ghrelin is known for its role in stimulating appetite, it’s also involved in regulating glucose and insulin, taste sensation, and sleep,’ says Dr Guyomar. Ghrelin also encourages and increases the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland, which helps maintain your metabolism, breaks down body fat and builds up muscles. 

## What causes ghrelin’s levels to rise and fall?

Levels of ghrelin will naturally change significantly throughout the day, [rising dramatically before a meal and then falling after eating](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07853890601149179).  When your stomach is empty, ghrelin is released and travels through your bloodstream to the hypothalamus region of the brain, where it stimulates neurons to signal hunger. 

Diets and fasting can also make your ghrelin levels rise. When we restrict calories and lose weight as a result, ghrelin levels increase significantly. [One study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12023994/)  found there was a 24% rise in ghrelin levels in participants on a six-month diet. 

‘Levels of ghrelin in the blood increase during dieting or fasting and this could explain why it’s difficult to achieve long-term weight-loss results from these methods,’ Dr Guyomar says. 

‘People who suffer from [anorexia nervosa](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/anorexia-nervosa/) [an eating disorder where you feel a need to keep your weight as low as possible] also have higher levels of ghrelin.’ 

## What is leptin? 

Leptin is produced by the body’s fat-storing cells and plays an important role in managing your appetite by signalling to the brain when you’re full. It also helps to regulate your [body weight and metabolism](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17212793/).  

‘Leptin has many other roles within the body, like regulating your reproductive system, and it has vast effects on the immune system,’ says Dr Guyomar. 

## What affects leptin levels? 

The level of leptin in your bloodstream is directly proportional to the amount of body fat you have. When your body fat goes up, your leptin levels will rise. Similarly, when your body fat goes down, your leptin levels will fall. 

‘People with a higher body mass index [BMI] and more body fat have an increase of leptin circulating in their blood,’ says Dr Guyomar. 

But sometimes the brain doesn’t respond to even the highest levels of leptin. This is known as ‘leptin resistance’ and means that the brain never receives the message that the stomach is full and instead assumes it’s starving. This can result in a continuous cycle of eating more and gaining weight.

## Why is it important for ghrelin and leptin to work in harmony? 

Do you often feel hungry after a meal? The balance of ghrelin and leptin is crucial for the body’s appetite to function normally. The hormones work in partnership with one another to help you eat the right amount – with ghrelin increasing your appetite and leptin helping you feel satisfied. When the balance of hormones is altered, your ability to eat when you’re hungry and stop when you’re full may be jeopardised. 

‘A balance between ghrelin and leptin is essential in maintaining a healthy body weight,’ says Dr Guyomar. ‘An imbalance of ghrelin and leptin may lead to significant weight gain or loss.’ An imbalance of these hormones has also been [associated with eating and mood disorders](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555906/).  

## Are there any other hormones that affect our appetite?

Other hormones that may affect your appetite include: 

### Cortisol 

Often known as the stress hormone, cortisol is released when your body is under stress, which can increase appetite and cause you to overeat. [One study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11070333/) found participants who were under stress ate more and craved sugary foods 

### Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) 

This gut hormone is released from the pancreas after eating and can reduce appetite

### Female sex hormones 

The female sex hormones play essential roles in regulating appetite. Studies have found  that progesterone and testosterone stimulate appetite, while oestrogen inhibits it. 

## How can I balance my appetite hormones?

These simple lifestyle changes can help you keep your appetite hormones in check and maintain a healthy weight. 

### 1. Prioritise sleep 

Not getting enough sleep on a regular basis can lower leptin levels and elevate ghrelin levels, increasing your appetite. Try and get at least 7-8 hours of sleep daily. 

### 2. Eat a high-protein breakfast 

Always hungry after breakfast? A high-protein diet may leave you feeling fuller for longer and control your hunger. 

### 3. Forget about crash diets 

Drastic weight changes and crash diets can disrupt your key appetite hormones. Dieters who have lost weight tend to have higher ghrelin levels, so are more likely to return to their old eating habits and gain weight after dieting. A balanced diet can help you maintain a healthy weight and balance your hormones. 

### 4. Practise mindful eating 

It’s no secret that eating slowly may help you feel full faster, but it may also improve your appetite hormone responses. By slowing down and taking the time to enjoy food, you’re less likely to eat more than you need.

### 5. Move more

Not only can physical activity help maintain a healthy weight and [reduce leptin resistance](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3115604/),  but it can also reduce your risk of major illnesses, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and strokes. Incorporate more movement and exercise into your daily life with activities like cycling or walking. 

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Céline Guyomar, a Livi medical doctor.__


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Livi.co.uk > Your health > What you need to know about hunger hormones

What you need to know about hunger hormones

Dr Céline Guyomar, a Kry medical doctor, explains everything you need to know about the key appetite hormones and how to keep them in balance

Kry.co.uk > Your health > What you need to know about hunger hormones

What you need to know about hunger hormones | Kry UK

General health

General health and seasonal

Whether you’ve just been called up or you’re looking ahead to your next cervical screening (cervical smear) appointment, it’s more important than ever not to miss this routine test.

There were an estimated [33,000 cases of cervical cancer in Europe in 2018](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(20)30122-5/fulltext),  with 15,000 people dying from the disease. The average age at diagnosis globally is 53, yet it’s the [third most common type of cancer affecting people under the age of 45](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(19)30482-6/fulltext).  

‘Each year in the UK alone, around 4,500 lives are saved by cervical screening – which shows the importance of having regular tests,’ says Dr McClymont.

## When do I need to go for a cervical screening?

‘Any person with a cervix is invited for screening automatically when they reach the age of 25, and if the results are normal they’ll receive further invites every 3 years until the age of 49,’ Dr McClymont explains. 

‘Between the ages of 50 and 64, you’ll be invited every 5 years.’

You won’t usually need to have cervical screening if you’re pregnant – until at least 12 weeks after you’ve given birth. This is because pregnancy can make it harder to get clear results.

## What if I’m embarrassed by the thought of a 'smear test'?

Despite the evidence that regular screening is so effective in detecting abnormal cell growth and the virus that causes cervical cell changes, human papillomavirus (HPV), many people avoid the tests due to embarrassment or anxiety. 

‘People who avoid cervical screening often say awkwardness is the biggest reason for doing so,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘But it’s a short procedure, and your doctor or nurse has seen it all before – they’re just interested in testing your cervix. This is a simple test that could save your life, and there’s really no reason to be embarrassed.’ 

## What does the cervical screening test for?

‘The test looks for abnormalities in the cells of the cervix, as well as for HPV, which, if present, can cause abnormal cell growth,’ says Dr McClymont.

## Has the cervical screening process changed as a result of the pandemic? 

As a result of lockdowns, reallocation of staff and the prioritisation of other urgent care, [the pandemic has caused significant disruption to cervical smear screening programmes](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanepe/article/PIIS2666-7762(21)00078-8/fulltext)  throughout Europe. So, it’s more important than ever to attend your cervical screening when you’re called.

The test itself hasn’t changed as a result of the pandemic, says Dr McClymont, but you might find that processes at your local GP surgery have changed. ‘The nurse will wear a mask, and there may be fewer appointment slots available as it takes longer to thoroughly clean a clinical room between patients.’

## How can I prepare for a cervical screening if I’m anxious or nervous?

It’s not unusual to be anxious before a cervical screening. Some people find that asking for a female nurse or doctor helps them feel more at ease, and relaxation breathing can help too. You can also ask the person performing the test to start with the smallest speculum. 

‘If you’re nervous about undressing, wearing a loose skirt is a good idea as you won’t need to fully remove it for the procedure,’ says Dr McClymont.

## What should I expect during the test itself? 

The nurse performing the cervical screening will explain to you exactly what will happen when you arrive and answer any questions you have before the test. 

- You’ll be invited to lay on an examination couch behind a screen and remove clothing from your lower half
- There will be a sheet or piece of clinical roll for you to cover your groin with, and you’re entitled to have a chaperone in the room with you if you’d prefer
- You should lie on your back with your feet together and knees apart
- The nurse will insert a lubricated plastic speculum into your vagina to enable good visualisation of your cervix
- A small 'brush' is then used to remove some cells from the cervix, which are deposited in a small pot and sent to the laboratory for analysis

The examination itself usually only takes a few minutes.

## Can it ever be painful or uncomfortable?

‘A cervical screening is usually not a painful procedure, although some people report mild discomfort,’ says Dr McClymont, adding that it’s usually worse if you’re tense or anxious, as your pelvic floor muscles are more likely to tighten, making the procedure more difficult. 

‘If you’re very anxious, take some deep breaths and try to relax as much as possible.’

## Is it normal to bleed after the screening? 

‘A small amount of spotting after the procedure is quite common, but it should resolve very quickly,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘Wearing a pantyliner for a few hours is normally all that’s required.’

## What happens after the screening? 

After the test, the specimen is sent to a laboratory for analysis. It usually takes around 2 weeks for the results to come back.

‘If your results are normal, no further action is required, and you’ll be invited for another routine smear 3 or 5 years later, depending on your age,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘If abnormalities are found, however, you’ll usually be invited for a procedure called a colposcopy, to look at your cells in more detail.’

A colposcopy, Dr McClymont explains, is a procedure similar to a cervical smear, but it’s performed in hospital using a microscope and special dye to stain the cervix cells and make abnormalities easier to identify. ‘Having abnormalities in your cells usually doesn’t mean that you have cancer, but further tests or treatment are recommended to prevent cancer developing in future.’

## Do you need to have a cervical screening if you’re not sexually active?

People who have never been sexually active have a very low risk of cervical cell abnormalities – but not a zero risk. That’s why attending a screening is always advisable, regardless of your sexual history. ‘If you’ve never had sex, this may understandably make you nervous,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘It’s best to chat to a doctor or nurse about your individual circumstances.’


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Kry.co.uk > Your health > What happens during a cervical screening? How to prepare and what to expect

What happens during a cervical smear test? How to prepare and what to expect

Regular cervical smear tests save lives. Lead Kry GP Dr Rhianna McClymont explains what you can expect from your cervical smear test

Kry.co.uk > Your health > What happens during a cervical smear test? How to prepare and what to expect

What happens in a cervical smear test? How to prepare | Kry UK

kry.co.uk > medical reviewer

Rhianna-headshot

Dr Rhianna McClymont

Lead GP at Kry

Women Health

Women's Health

What happens during a cervical screening? How to prepare and what to expect

Why and how we choose to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight is very much down to the individual. Our weight can be affected by medical, mental and emotional factors, and it’s also common for our weight to fluctuate throughout the day or at different points of the menstrual cycle. 

‘Our relationship with food and drink, and what, how and why we eat, is fundamental to how we manage our weight,’ says Dr Menon. ‘We’re learning more and more about the negative effects of being overweight.’ 

Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of chronic conditions like heart disease, while [new studies](https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.20076042v1.full.pdf)  have shown it can also increase the risk of becoming seriously ill from Covid-19. 

Don't believe all the [weight loss myths](/your-health/5-weight-loss-myths-exploded/) out there, the key is to keep a healthy mindset. Here, Dr Menon shares 5 key things to remember when thinking about sustainable weight loss or maintaining a healthy weight. 

## 1. There’s no set ‘healthy weight’, but there are measures to help guide you 

The body mass index (BMI) tool will give you a rough idea of a healthy weight for you. ‘It’s a guide, not a rule, and there may be reasons for being overweight despite being healthy,’ says Dr Menon. That said, it’s currently the measure favoured by the medical community.

Your [BMI](/your-health/5-simple-tips-for-a-healthy-bmi/) is calculated by dividing your weight in kilograms by the square of your height in metres and can help identify if a person is overweight or obese. Obesity is classified as a chronic illness and can be treated in different ways, while you can usually manage being overweight with lifestyle changes.

‘Another useful measure is waist circumference,’ adds Dr Menon, explaining that [carrying extra weight around your waist](/your-health/is-your-waste-size-putting-your-health-at-risk/) increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

__In summary:__ 
- Monitoring your BMI and waist circumference can help you understand what’s a healthy weight for you.

## 2. For sustainable weight loss, small healthy changes are best 

‘There are no tricks or shortcuts,’ says Dr Menon. ‘A well-balanced diet and exercise are the cornerstones. Find out what works for you and build in new habits incrementally, as you’re more likely to stay on track when times are difficult if you take it slow and make it fun. Explore new foods and more active ways of getting around, like [walking](/your-health/the-power-of-walking-for-your-health/) or cycling.’

If the weighing scales are triggering for you, simply manage your goals and healthy habits instead, and perhaps keep an eye on your waist size. Your healthy habits will likely pay off in obvious ways, and you’ll feel better in the long run.

__In summary:__ 
- You’re more likely to stick with simple lifestyle changes built into your daily routine than with drastic, restrictive rules.
- Develop new healthier habits that work for you.

## 3. Maintaining a healthy weight or losing just a small percentage of your weight comes with big health gains

There are countless benefits of maintaining a healthy weight, including the significantly lowered risks of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, muscle and joint problems, and some cancers. There’s even [significant evidence  ](https://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j4849.long)that maintaining a healthy weight reduces mortality.

Losing weight can also improve your fertility and quality of sleep, and for some, it can be a self-esteem boost.

Losing as little as a few kilograms can have meaningful positive impacts. ‘There’s strong evidence that weight loss lowers the blood pressure of people who are overweight,’ says Dr Menon. ‘Given that high blood pressure is a huge risk factor for heart disease and [stroke](/your-health/spotting-the-signs-of-a-stroke-a-doctors-guide/), there are great health-saving opportunities to be had from losing just a little.’

__In summary:__
-	The benefits of maintaining a healthy weight – or losing a small percentage of your bodyweight if you’re overweight – are dramatic and wide-ranging.

## 4. Keep it simple with what you eat and avoid restrictive fad diets

Dr Menon advises against fad diets – they’re often unsustainable and sometimes based on flawed science. 

There’s [evidence to suggest that diets low in carbohydrates](https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4583.long)  are more effective for lasting, sustainable weight loss and management. This is because carbs impact our blood glucose levels, which affect our blood sugar and insulin levels, as well as the way we store fat. 

A more straightforward approach to weight loss is to aim to eat fewer calories than you use up. 

‘We start to lose weight when we’re in a negative energy balance: when the energy we use is greater than what we consume,’ Dr Menon explains. ‘It may seem obvious, but this can be difficult to remember in a world where we’re constantly bombarded with exercise plans, diet menus and foods we should avoid. 

‘Eat a little less, and eat mainly plants – this is the only unshakeable truth.’

__In summary:__
-	For most people, sustainable weight loss or management is simply about continuously eating a little less while keeping active.
-	There’s evidence to show the benefits of replacing some carbohydrates with vegetables and other plant-based foods.

## 5. Steady and sustainable weight loss is better than losing weight quickly

‘Restricting certain foods for an extended period can lead to nutritional deficiencies, when our body doesn’t get the necessary amount of nutrients. If we deprive ourselves of the food our bodies need, we’re risking our health considerably, particularly as we start to eat again,’ Dr Menon explains. 

‘I’d recommend making small, steady adjustments that allow your body’s appetite regulation and energy use and storage to sync. When we rush weight loss, our bodies often become out of sync and we’re more likely to rebound,’ says Dr Menon. In fact, drastically reducing your calorie intake actually triggers [a hormone response that makes you hungrier](https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00755.2010).  

__In summary:__
-	Losing weight quickly doesn’t give our body enough time to adapt, and we can do more damage than good. 
-	Be patient, and your small changes will pay off.

__This article has been medically approved by Kry Lead GP Dr Samuel Menon.__


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Kry.co.uk > Your health > 5 things to know about sustainable and healthy weight loss – according to a doctor

5 things you need to know about sustainable and healthy weight loss – according to a doctor

How can I lose weight healthily, and what’s the most sustainable way to do it? Lead GP at Kry, Dr Samuel Menon, shares the key things to know

Kry.co.uk > Your health >5 things you need to know about sustainable and healthy weight loss – according to a doctor

Sustainable and healthy weight loss – doctor’s guide | Kry UK

With summer approaching, it’s natural to start dreaming about picnics in the park and barbecues in the garden. But how much are you thinking about your hydration levels – and do you know how to notice the symptoms of dehydration? 

## Why is hydration important for my health? 

Our bodies need water for a whole host of essential functions. Water carries nutrients to the cells and transports the waste away, and it cushions and lubricates the brain and the joints. Through perspiration, it also helps to regulate the body’s temperature.

It means that dehydration, which is when the body loses more water than it takes in, can have an impact on almost every part of our body. 

Even mild dehydration can affect our ability to concentrate. It can lead to [headaches, extreme tiredness and constipation](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2009.01795.x).  A lack of water can make the skin [dry, dull and itchy](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29703638/).  There is even [some evidence  ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30395316/)to suggest it can impact the quality of our sleep.

## How much should I drink each day?

The answer depends on lots of factors – from your age to the weather to individual health conditions – and the advice is varied. In 2004, [the US Institute of Medicine of the National Academies](https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2004/02/report-sets-dietary-intake-levels-for-water-salt-and-potassium-to-maintain-health-and-reduce-chronic-disease-risk)  recommended around 2.7 litres of water a day for women and 3.7 litres for men, while the [NHS’s Eatwell Guide](https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/water-drinks-nutrition/) recommends you drink 6-8 glasses per day. 

## Which drinks count towards my intake?

‘While people tend to need about 3 litres of fluids a day, there are no hard and fast rules on how to achieve that,’ says Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry.

‘It doesn’t always have to be through water that we measure out and carry around with us. Water also comes from the food we eat and other fluids we consume, from juices to tea and coffee.’

Dr Menon also recommends being mindful of your caffeine intake. As a diuretic, caffeine tricks the kidneys into releasing more urine than they should. 

## What’s the science behind hydration?

The body has a complex process for balancing fluid levels.

It closely monitors the osmolality, or the concentration of substances such as salt and potassium, in bodily fluids. When the concentration is too high, the body releases an antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This tells the kidneys to save water by reducing urination and tells the brain to stimulate thirst to make us drink. Similarly, when the concentration is too low, the kidneys prompt urination.

‘Healthy kidneys will do most of the adjusting that’s necessary to keep our bodies hydrated,’ says Dr Menon. ‘Drinking a reasonable amount of fluid to allow your kidneys to get this right – not so little that you’re thirsty and not so much that you’re peeing all the time – is all that’s required in a healthy individual.’ 

## Can you drink too much water?

It is possible to drink too much, but if you’re otherwise healthy, it’s usually harmless. In most cases overhydration will just lead to additional trips to the toilet.

## How do I know if I’m dehydrated?

Thirst is the best rule-of-thumb symptom in day-to-day life, says Dr Menon. The other common signs and symptoms of mild to moderate dehydration are:
- A dry or sticky mouth
- Urinating less often
- Feeling lightheaded
- A headache
- Dark urine

This urine chart is a good reference and illustrates what the colour of your pee may mean:

![Why is hydration so important? A doctor’s guide](//images.ctfassets.net/h8qzhh7m9m8u/cFxiuDXrtVv1dAoJW9kfl/6fce6d90fa6e4b9100067154298b93dd/NEW_Urinechart.png)

Severe dehydration can be very serious. The signs include:
- Extreme thirst
- Dry skin
- Sunken eyes
- A very low urinary output
- A dehydrated tongue that feels dry and sticky
- Delirium 

## What are the symptoms of dehydration in children?

It can be more difficult to spot dehydration in children and babies than in adults, because they don’t tend to display the [symptoms of mild dehydration](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436022/).  When they’re moderately dehydrated, they may:

- Be listless or irritable
- Have a high heart rate
- Breathe very quickly 
- Have sunken eyes
- Urinate less than usual

Babies may also have a sunken fontanelle, or soft spot at the front of the head, when dehydrated.

## What makes someone more susceptible to dehydration?

Lots of things can affect the likelihood of dehydration, says Dr Menon, including our lifestyle and environment. 

People should make sure they replace lost fluids through sweating while exercising or in hot, dry weather, for example.

‘When we’re unwell, we can lose more fluids than normal from our skin, lungs or gut because of fever, vomiting or diarrhoea,’ says Dr Menon.

What’s more, some long-term health conditions, like heart or kidney diseases, can affect the way our body manages the balance of fluids. This can make people more susceptible to dehydration. 

## What is alcohol dehydration? 

Many people will crave water the morning after drinking alcohol. That is because, just like caffeine, alcohol inhibits the release of ADH, the hormone responsible for telling the kidneys to conserve water.

‘Having less ADH results in us losing more water in our urine,’ says Dr Menon, ‘If you’re drinking espressos by day and martinis by night, dehydration is inevitable.’

## Are there any long-term effects of dehydration?

Mild to moderate dehydration is reversible and doesn’t have any lasting effects.

Chronic or long-term dehydration however, can increase the risk of infections. This is especially true of [urinary tract infections](/your-health/utis-your-questions-answered/). Severe dehydration[ can damage the kidneys and even lead to kidney failure](https://www.europeanhydrationinstitute.org/consequences_of_dehydration/). 

## When should I speak to a doctor?

Severe dehydration can be dangerous. Red flags to look out for in yourself or others might include reduced responsiveness, sunken eyes, a fast heartbeat and rapid breathing. 

In most cases, though, mild to moderate dehydration is nothing to worry about. Drinking more fluids will reverse the symptoms and your body will carry on working to keep your fluid levels balanced.

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry__


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Kry.co.uk > Your health > Why is hydration so important? A doctor’s guide 

Why is hydration so important? A doctor’s guide 

Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry, shares his advice for keeping hydrated and healthy this summer – and explains how to spot the key signs of dehydration

Why is hydration so important? A doctor’s guide | Kry UK

Health tips

It’s not only the sun that comes out in summer. Hot weather also brings with it stinging insects and animals. The good news is that you can follow these simple steps to lower your risk, and here’s what to do if you get bitten or stung to reduce the discomfort.

## How to prepare against bites and stings

Make sure you cover up with loose clothing and use a repellent when you’re outdoors – particularly around water, long grass and woodland. If you’re in grassy, shady areas, be mindful of [ticks](/your-health/tick-bites-what-you-need-to-know/). Insect repellents containing 50% DEET provide up to 12 hours’ protection.

If you prefer a more natural insect repellent, some evidence has found that lemon eucalyptus, citronella and linalool oil may have proven repellent properties.

## What to do if you do get bitten or stung

Most discomfort and itching from bites and stings is short-lived and won’t require medical treatment. A cold compress, ice pack or bag of frozen peas should provide sufficient relief.

Discourage children from scratching bites as it increases the risk of infection.

For persistent itching, adults and children over 10 years can use a mild hydrocortisone cream, which is available from most pharmacies. 

For painful bites, try paracetamol syrups for infants aged from 2 months, and tablets or syrups to children aged above 6 years. Alternatively, you can give ibuprofen to babies from 3 months. However, ibuprofen isn’t recommended for anyone with [asthma](/medical-advice/respiratory-conditions/asthma/).

For swelling and [allergic reactions](/medical-advice/allergies/), you’ll need oral or topical antihistamines.

Seek medical advice if:
- Symptoms worsen or don’t improve after a few days
- You develop any new symptoms after a few days
- An area of 10cm or more around the bite becomes red and swollen
- There is pus around the bite
- You develop swollen glands, breathing difficulties or flu-like symptoms

If you have a severe allergic reaction, a doctor may suggest carrying an auto-injecting adrenaline pen (also known as an EpiPen).

## Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes suck blood through their bite. It doesn’t hurt, but it does itch. 

Follow the steps above to reduce your risk and treat bites. If you feel worse after a few days of being bitten, get medical advice.

## Midges

There are more than 150 species of biting midges. They are common throughout Scotland, Scandinavia and northern Europe and are often found around water.

Midge bites aren’t dangerous, but can be intensely itchy. They sometimes swell and develop into fluid-filled blisters. Follow the steps above if bitten – especially trying not to scratch.

## Horseflies

Horseflies are bigger than houseflies and have larger, multi-coloured eyes and a painful bite.

Be careful if you’re running or doing anything strenuous, as there’s evidence that horseflies are attracted by exhaled carbon-dioxide.

Ease any pain with a cool compress or local anesthetic spray, and follow the steps above.

## Bees, wasps and hornets

All these insects are attracted to sugary drinks, so when you’re outdoors, avoid drinking from cans and other containers that bees and wasps can fly into. Close unfinished bottled drinks as soon as you can.  

If you do get stung, then removing the sting quickly is the key to reducing pain. Scrape it out with a credit card, or squeeze it out with your fingers. For these particular stings, avoid using tweezers as you can spread the venom.

Wash and, if possible, elevate the area to reduce swelling. Pressing something cold against the bite can also help reduce the swelling.

A small proportion of us are allergic to bee and wasp stings. Get immediate medical advice from a doctor in the event of breathing difficulties, fast heartbeat, confusion, clammy skin or light-headedness.

## Caterpillars

From late May to early June, oak processionary moth caterpillars – which are found throughout Europe – are covered in toxic hairs that, if touched, cause an itchy rash. They can also be carried in the wind, leading to sore throats, eye irritation and asthma.

Rinse the area with water and apply an antihistamine (for children aged above 2). Anyone who suffers from asthma should carry an inhaler, and oral antihistamines will help to ease throat and eye irritation.

## Jellyfish

Several species of jellyfish are found in the English Channel, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The most venomous is the Lion’s Mane, which grows up to 2m, and has been found off the coasts of France, Germany, Ireland, Sweden and the UK.

Avoid swimming in water where you know there are jellyfish. If you’re stung, rinse the area with seawater – not fresh – and remove any spines using tweezers. Soak the area in water as hot as can be tolerated for at least 30 minutes – or apply hot flannels or towels. Take paracetamol or ibuprofen for the pain.

If you’re stung by a jellyfish, it’s best not to:
- Use vinegar
- Urinate on it
- Apply ice or a cold pack
- Cover the wound

See a doctor if you experience severe pain that doesn’t improve after an hour or so, or if the face or genitals have been stung.

## Snakes

The European adder can be found throughout the UK and Europe. It grows up to 90cm, ranges from light to dark brown, and most have a zigzag pattern down their back.

Most bites aren’t serious but they do require medical attention, so speak to a doctor as soon as you can. 

It’s especially important to get medical assistance quickly in the event of breathing difficulties, chest pain, seizures, severe swelling, vomiting or light-headedness.


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kry.co.uk > Your health > Summer bites and stings – a guide to prevention and treatment 

Summer bites and stings – a doctor’s guide to prevention and treatment 

Summer means embracing the great outdoors, but it also comes with the increased chance of bites and stings. Here’s a guide to stings treatment and more

kry.co.uk > Your health >Summer bites and stings – a guide to prevention and treatment 

 Summer bites and stings treatment & prevention – guide | Kry UK

IMG 20200730 224911 865[33] (1)

Maintaining a healthy blood pressure is an essential part of looking after your body. High blood pressure, also called hypertension, increases your risk of serious conditions like a heart attack, heart failure, stroke and kidney damage. 

Approximately 1.13 billion people worldwide have high blood pressure and it’s a major cause of premature death globally, but [fewer than 1 in 5 of those who suffer with it have the issue under control.  ](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension)

‘Monitoring your blood pressure levels – and taking action if they rise too high – is important for reducing your risk of complications and staying healthier for longer,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry. 

## What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood in the arteries as it’s pumped around the body by the heart. Blood pressure and heart rate are two separate measurements. ‘Your heart rate measures how quickly your heart is beating to pump blood, while your blood pressure measures the pressure within your arteries,’ says Dr McClymont.

Your blood pressure will naturally fluctuate throughout the day and night. It becomes more of a concern when your overall blood pressure is consistently high, even while resting. 

## What is normal blood pressure?

As a general guide, according to Dr McClymont:

- Optimal blood pressure is considered to be between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg
- High blood pressure is considered to be 140/90mmHg or higher. For people over 80, this threshold rises to 150/90mmHg or higher 
- Low blood pressure, known as hypotension, is considered to be 90/60mmHg or lower 

## What causes high blood pressure?

If you suffer from hypertension, it means your heart is having to work harder to pump blood around your body. For most people, there isn’t always one particular cause of high blood pressure, but there are several key risk factors, including: 

- Drinking too much alcohol or caffeine
- Being overweight
- Eating an unhealthy diet
- Not exercising enough 
- Smoking
- Having a family history of hypertension 

Sometimes high blood pressure is the consequence of another underlying medical condition. This is known as secondary hypertension. For example, an excessive production of hormones from the adrenal glands can cause high blood pressure. Conditions that cause secondary hypertension include:

- Diabetes 
- Kidney disease
- Obstructive sleep apnoea
- Pregnancy

## What are the signs of high blood pressure to look out for?

‘Usually, high blood pressure doesn’t have any symptoms, which is why it’s important to measure it frequently,’ explains Dr McClymont. ‘Some people may experience headaches, nosebleeds, blurred vision, chest pain, shortness of breath or dizziness.’

## What are the long-term effects of high blood pressure?

‘If high blood pressure isn’t controlled long term, it can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems, such as heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, strokes and heart attacks, as well as issues like kidney disease and certain types of dementia,’ Dr McClymont says. 

This is because [high blood pressure puts an extra strain on your heart](https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/about.htm), blood vessels and other organs, including the brain, eyes and kidneys.  

## Managing high blood pressure 

These simple lifestyle changes can help lower your blood pressure levels: 

__1. Maintain a healthy weight__
As your weight increases, your blood pressure tends to rise too, so maintaining a healthy weight can help with managing healthy blood pressure levels. A high waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) may also indicate a higher risk. 

__2. Eat more fruit, vegetables and wholegrains__
Studies show that the [DASH](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29771736/) (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension and[ Mediterranean diets](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4366416/) can help manage blood pressure as well as cholesterol and lower your risk of heart disease.  Both diets are rich in fruit, vegetables and wholegrains, and low in saturated fat and red meat.

__3. Reduce your salt intake__
Too much salt can raise your blood pressure. You should be eating no more than 6g (around 1 tsp) a day.

__4. Fit more exercise into your day__
Regular exercise is important because it keeps your blood vessels and heart healthy. Activities that are good for your blood pressure include cycling, swimming, dancing, gardening, tennis and jogging. [There’s strong evidence](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12373) that a 30-minute walk each morning may be as effective at lowering blood pressure as taking medication. 

__5. Cut down on alcohol__ 
The recommended healthy limit of alcohol per week is less than 14 units. [One review](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(17)30003-8/fulltext) found that high blood pressure was rapidly reversed when heavy drinkers reduced their intake by about 50%. 

__6. Give up smoking__
Like high blood pressure, smoking causes your arteries to narrow, which dramatically increases your risk of [heart attack ](/medical-advice/cardiovascular-diseases/heart-attack/)or stroke. By giving up, you’ll lower your risk of disease. 

## What about low blood pressure? 

‘Low blood pressure can cause symptoms such as light-headedness, blurred vision and feeling faint, sick or weak. It’s common to have lower blood pressure in pregnancy, and some people also develop it as a side effect to certain medications or other medical conditions,’ says Dr McClymont. 

Low blood pressure doesn’t always cause symptoms, and treatment depends on the cause. Certain things can help ease symptoms, including:

- Wearing support stockings to increase blood pressure and improve circulation
- Increasing the amount of water you drink, because when you’re dehydrated your blood pressure drops
- Eating small meals frequently, as larger meals are associated with a drop in blood pressure

‘Low blood pressure is more common in younger people, but it can sometimes develop in older people too,’ Dr McClymont says. 

## How is blood pressure measured? 

Blood pressure is measured with a device called a sphygmomanometer (pronounced ‘svig-mo-man-ometer’) through a cuff, which is wrapped around your upper arm. ‘This cuff is inflated – either manually with a handheld device by a doctor or automatically via an electronic machine,’ explains Dr McClymont.  

The test should ideally be taken sitting down, with your arm relaxed and resting on a table at the same level as your heart. ‘It’s best to sit quietly for a few minutes before taking the blood pressure reading to get the most accurate result,’ Dr McClymont says. 

## Understanding your blood pressure reading 

Your blood pressure is measured with two numbers in millimetres of mercury (mmHg). ‘The top number is called the “systolic” – this measures the force with which blood is pumped around your body,’ explains Dr McClymont. ‘The bottom number is known as the “diastolic” – this number represents the resistance to this blood flow within the blood vessels.’ 

For example, if you’re told that your blood pressure is 120 over 80 (written as 120/80), it shows you have a systolic pressure of 120mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 80mmHg. 

After taking a test, you can use a blood pressure chart to see what your readings mean. You can also enter your readings into this [NHS calculator ](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/blood-pressure-test/)to find out what they mean.

## Where can you get blood pressure checked? 

You can get your blood pressure checked at several places, including GP surgeries, some pharmacies or at home with an automatic blood pressure machine.

Your blood pressure may rise due to the anxiety of being in a healthcare setting, a problem known as ‘white coat hypertension’. ‘If you suffer from this, it’s best to take the test at home to get a more accurate reading,’ recommends Dr McClymont.


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See a GP about blood pressure

Kry.co.uk > Your health > Are my blood pressure levels healthy? A doctor’s guide

Are my blood pressure levels healthy? A doctor’s guide

Maintaining a healthy blood pressure is essential for avoiding conditions like heart attack, stroke and kidney damage. Read this doctor’s guide to blood pressure.

Are my blood pressure levels healthy? A doctor’s guide | Kry UK

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