kry.co.uk > Your health

Health information, articles, news and advice for NHS patients.

kry.co.uk > Your health > Metainfo

Your health | KRY

Struggling with [breakouts and acne](/medical-advice/skin-conditions/acne/)? You’re not alone. ‘Acne is incredibly common, with many people affected during adulthood,’ says Dr Samuel Menon. One significant study found that around 50% of women and 40% of men have some kind of facial acne. 

For many people, acne affects more than just their appearance – it can also have a real psychological impact. As of June 2021, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence now recommends mental health support for those who are severely affected by their acne.  

‘Studies or trials in skin disease often include depression assessments for a reason,’ says Dr Menon. ‘People with a skin condition like acne often suffer in silence. It’s important to remember that you’re not the only one.’

## What causes acne? 

‘Acne is one of those conditions with several possible causes, which we continue to learn more about,’ says Dr Menon. ‘But what we do know is that acne happens when our skin’s sebaceous glands make too much of an oil called sebum. At the same time, the lining of our pores gets thicker, trapping dead skin cells the body wants to shed. A mixture of oil and dead skin cells builds up in our pores, causing blackheads and whiteheads.’

Oily skin is an ideal condition for acne-causing bacteria to multiply, leading to inflammation that can show up as red, swollen or pus-filled spots. 

‘The possible causes and aggravators are often a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors,’ says Dr Menon. The following are some of the common, established causes: 

### Hormonal changes 
‘Our sex hormones – the androgens – are key to our development in adolescence and play an important role throughout our lives, but they can also cause and exacerbate acne,’ Dr Menon explains. ‘They influence both the production and type of sebum we make and the levels of inflammation.’

### Insulin
‘This is another hormonal culprit,’ says Dr Menon. ‘Insulin is an essential powerhouse of a hormone that helps to control our blood sugar levels and metabolism. But if you’re eating a lot of processed or sugary foods, your body will need to keep releasing insulin as a response. There is some evidence that suggests too much insulin can make acne worse.’

### Stress
‘When we’re stressed, we release more cortisol, a steroid hormone. This increases levels of sebum production, one of the key causes of acne,’ says Dr Menon. ‘This is not to say that stress alone will cause acne – it may just make it worse for people who are prone to it.’

### Lifestyle
‘Lifestyle habits – from eating processed foods to being sedentary to smoking – all play a role in our skin health,’ says Dr Menon. 

## Does acne change with age and hormonal fluctuations? 

Most people suffer less with acne as they age, and their symptoms tend to improve. But people still have acne in their 30s and sometimes in their 40s.

Many women under 30 report experiencing acne flares just before, during and just after their period.  But for lots of women, the trigger seems to be a complex mix of hormones, stress and other factors.  

‘Menstrual cycles do play a role in acne, and the combined oral contraceptive pill can be a useful tool in helping to control flares,’ says Dr Menon. ‘We would often recommend these in place of oral antibiotics and alongside topical treatments for those who are able to take them.

‘If, alongside acne, you’ve noticed some weight gain, your periods have become irregular or less frequent, or you’ve had hair growth where you wouldn’t normally expect it, speak to a doctor. We would want to rule out polycystic ovary syndrome, a common, treatable condition that can cause or aggravate acne.’ 

## What is ‘maskne’?

The term ‘maskne’ arose during the pandemic as we started wearing face masks, and some of us noticed an increase in acne on the parts of the face covered by our masks. 

It’s not unusual for those who need to wear surgical or cloth masks to notice breakouts, and this was the case before the pandemic, too. Most commonly, this is a result of either irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis or some form of [atopic eczema](/medical-advice/skin-conditions/eczema/), though there are different reasons why mask-wearing can trigger acne.  

‘If skin is covered for long periods, whether that’s by a heavy cream or ointment or something physical, like a mask, acne is more likely in those who are prone,’ Dr Menon explains. ‘That said, masks are often loose-fitting enough not to cause a problem.’

## How do I avoid ‘maskne’?

Using a gentle, soap-free cleanser and applying nothing but a light moisturiser at least half an hour before putting on your mask can help. 

Wearing minimal or no make-up when you need to wear PPE is also a good idea. Choosing a mask with a soft, natural, breathable fabric like cotton on the inside can help too.

## What really works when it comes to treating adult acne?

### Resist the urge to squeeze
‘Try not to panic, and don’t pick or squeeze or scrub. Chances are, you’ll aggravate your skin, making your spots larger, more painful and more likely to scar,’ Dr Menon advises. ‘Applying a little Duac, a commonly prescribed acne medication, as spots start to appear is a good idea.’

### Choose gentle products with active ingredients
Acne treatments don’t need to be expensive, complicated or fancy, according to Dr Menon. The most important thing is to be gentle with your skin barrier. ‘Use products that are simple and relatively inexpensive, without “buzz” ingredients or promises,’ he recommends. Try brands like Cetaphil, Cerave or Aveeno. 

Products with ingredients like salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide are useful but often irritating. ‘They’re also not particularly sophisticated in the way they work,’ says Dr Menon.

### Try retinoids

‘Retinoids are clever and centralised in treating acne,’ says Dr Menon. They can help skin shed normally, lower inflammation and, if taken by mouth when recommended by a dermatologist, reduce how much oil your skin makes. 

‘They’re prescription-only, but a weaker retinol is available in some over-the-counter products,’ adds Dr Menon. ‘The initial few weeks of using a topical retinoid can come with dryness, flakiness, redness and even more spots, but this period is short-lived and usually passes within a few weeks. You’ll usually notice improvements after 12 weeks – but they’re sustained with continued use, so try to be patient.’

### Take note of your diet
‘There’s some evidence that high glycaemic foods and dairy have an impact on acne severity, with the evidence for the former stronger,’ says Dr Menon. ‘Do what’s right for you – if you notice that drinking, for example, a lot of milk makes things worse, reduce your intake, but lots of people won’t notice much.’

A healthy, active lifestyle is more important. ‘Avoiding unhealthy foods and staving off obesity will help,’ says Dr Menon.

## How can I prevent and deal with acne scarring?

‘To prevent scarring, you must first prevent acne – which is easier said than done,’ Dr Menon notes. ‘But once you’ve developed scarring, there are several options to improve the skin’s appearance. This also tends to happen naturally over time without any treatments, too.’

- __Microdermabrasion__

Microdermabrasion can be helpful for some, if done regularly. However, it’s an expensive method and the results aren’t always great

- __Skin-needling__

Dr Menon suggests trying skin-needling with a derma roller – done by a trained practitioner. ‘A few sessions a couple of months apart will often bring improvements,’ he says. 

- __Laser skin treatments__

‘There are also laser treatments that help with active acne alongside improving acne scarring,’ says Dr Menon. ‘There are several different types, but they’re mostly only available privately, so consult a doctor or dermatologist first.’

## How do I prepare for an acne consultation with a doctor?

‘Try to be honest about how you’re feeling,’ Dr Menon reassures. ‘You might want to bring photos, but don’t feel like you need to prove anything. If you have acne and it’s bothering you, a doctor can help.’ 

A doctor will likely prescribe a topical retinoid, oral antibiotics or the oral contraceptive pill. ‘If you’ve been trying treatments with your doctor but haven’t seen progress in 6 months or more, ask about a referral to dermatology,’ he says. ‘If your skin is starting to scar, or your acne is impacting your self-esteem and how you feel about yourself, it’s important to seek help.’

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry__


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Speak to a GP about adult acne 

Kry.co.uk > Your health > Managing adult acne – a doctor’s advice on what really works

Managing adult acne – a doctor’s advice on what really works

Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry, shares his expert advice on which treatments help with adult acne and what to do if it’s affecting your mental health

How to manage adult acne | Kry UK

Family

Family health

Whether you’re holidaying locally or travelling further afield, it’s important to be prepared with your packing. And at the top of your list should be a first aid kit to look after your family’s health on the go.      
While you can buy a variety of [ready-made first aid kits](https://www.sja.org.uk/shop-listing/?sortBy=Popularity&currentPageNumber=1&resultsPerPage=25&language=en-gb&productCategoryId=FAKITS&query=), it’s just as easy to create your own first aid travel pack tailored to your family’s planned activities, known allergies and individual needs. 

Not sure where to start? Here’s a useful checklist for what to take when heading out or away during the summer months.

## Water (bottle or flask)

Water is always a summer holiday essential – not only for its obvious purpose of keeping you hydrated but for washing any cuts and grazes. And it can be dabbed onto the skin to cool someone down if you think they may be suffering from heat exhaustion or [heatstroke](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/what-are-the-warning-signs-of-heatstroke/).

## Sun cream

To [enjoy the sun safely](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/how-to-enjoy-the-sun-safely-and-what-to-do-about-sunburn/), remember to pack sun cream with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 50+. Check that your sun cream protects against both UVA and UVB, and apply generously – especially on children, as their skin is sensitive and delicate. It’s best for young children to stay out of direct sunshine, especially in the heat of the day.

## Hand sanitiser

If you’re on the go, carry some hand sanitiser as you won’t always have access to running water to wash your hands. It’s also good to use after visiting crowded places or spending time in communal facilities. This helps to reduce the spread of any germs or viruses.

## Painkillers

It’s a sensible idea to pack some pain relief in your first aid kit. As well as easing pain, paracetamol helps relieve fever and body aches. Ibuprofen is another versatile painkiller for relieving sunburn, bites and general aches or pains. Because it’s anti-inflammatory, ibuprofen is great for muscle sprains too. Easy-to-swallow liquid pain relief is available for young children. Always read the packaging to check the recommended dosage.   

## Bandages and plasters

Accidents happen, especially with little ones making the most of outdoor fun. Pack a selection of bandages and waterproof plasters to have at the ready. It’s also worth including a few wound closure strips for any deeper cuts.

## Disinfectant

Before protecting any cuts and grazes, It’s handy to have something to clean the area with. Disinfectants used to clean wounds can soothe itching caused by [insect bites or stings](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/summer-bites-and-stings-a-guide-to-prevention-and-treatment/) too. This is important for reducing the risk of infection.

## Rehydration treatment

These sachets are made from a combination of sugar and salt. If someone has been vomiting or had a bad case of diarrhoea or sunstroke, rehydration treatment can help restore the fluid lost from their body. If this does not seem to help their symptoms, always seek medical advice.

## Small scissors

Nail scissors or ones that are pocket size will come in useful for cutting bandages or plasters to the right size. They are good to have on the go for trimming any broken fingernails or toenails too, which can cause nasty cuts either to yourself or someone else.

## Tweezers

Another really useful tool for removing splinters and thorns, usually found in hands and feet. Ticks can also be removed using tweezers. Grasp the head of the tick as close to the skin as possible and pull it out, slowly and steadily. Try to remove the whole tick, but if part of it remains in the skin, just leave it. Wash the bite area with soap and water or disinfectant.

## Freeze spray

Deep freeze spray for pain relief is a brilliant idea when you’re travelling and don’t have access to ice. It can relieve the pain of any pulled muscles and sprains. Check the instructions before use as some sprays are not suitable for young children. If that’s the case, it’s better to use a damp towel instead and apply a bandage to the affected area.

## Hydrocortisone cream

You can buy this over the counter to help relieve soreness and itching from insect bites and sunburn. This cream is not recommended for children younger than 2 years old, unless prescribed by a doctor.

## How a GP can help

If you’re not able to manage your family’s summer injuries and illnesses with a self-care first aid kit, speak to a GP to get further medical help. 

A doctor can make an individual assessment based on symptoms discussed during the appointment. They may decide to prescribe treatment or make a referral to see a specialist.    


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Livi.co.uk > Your health > Your summer first aid kit essentials

Your summer first aid kit essentials

How to keep you and your family safe during summer with an essential first aid kit 

Kry.co.uk > Your health > Your summer first aid kit essentials

Your essential family first aid kit for summer | Kry UK

General health

General health and seasonal

With longer days and warmer weather, the summer months are the perfect time to take your fitness routine out into the open air. But if you don’t take care when exercising in the heat, you may be putting your health at risk. 

‘Exercise stresses the body in a beneficial way,’ says Dr Menon. ‘But aggravating this stress by exercising in the heat, or without proper hydration, puts excessive pressure on our body’s defence mechanisms and can result in heat exhaustion – or worse, heatstroke.’ 

## What happens to our bodies when we exercise in warmer temperatures? 

When you exercise, your demand for oxygen increases – you breathe faster and your heart pumps more blood around your body to aid your muscles. As a result, you produce more heat and your core temperature rises. 

‘To regulate our core temperature, we dilate our blood vessels (creating a greater surface area for heat loss) and we sweat,’ explains Dr Menon. ‘As your sweat evaporates, it takes heat with it. If we’re in the sun or in a hot environment, our bodies have to do even more of this, mainly by sweating more.’

## How can I exercise safely in the heat?

Here are some simple ways to stay safe while you’re exercising in hot weather: 

#### 1. Be extra diligent about drinking water
[Staying hydrated is really important](/your-health/why-is-hydration-so-important-a-doctors-guide/) when exercising in the heat. As you work out, you need to drink fluids to replenish what you’ve lost in sweat. ‘If you’re exercising for prolonged periods and sweating a lot, you should also replace the salt you’ve lost by drinking a sports or electrolytes drink,’ recommends Dr Menon. 

#### 2.	Protect your skin with SPF
Dr Menon says that it’s important to wear sunscreen during your outdoor workouts to protect your skin. [Sunburn not only increases your skin cancer risk](/your-health/how-to-enjoy-the-sun-safely-and-what-to-do-about-sunburn/), but it can also affect your body’s ability to cool down.  Apply a high-factor SPF sunscreen liberally 20 to 30 minutes before exercising in the heat. Make sure you choose a sunscreen that has both UVA and UVB protection. 

#### 3.	Work out at the right time
When it’s really hot, try exercising in the morning or later in the evening to avoid the heat and humidity of midday. If possible, exercise in shady areas and take time to rest, hydrate and cool down. 

#### 4.	Choose kit that will keep you cool and dry 
Opt for clothes that are breathable, light-coloured and lightweight. ‘These will allow sweat to evaporate, so you can cool down,’ explains Dr Menon. ‘If clothes are heavy or tight-fitting, your body is unable to cool down as effectively.’

#### 5.	Let your body get acclimatised to the heat 
The heat and humidity will affect your workout, so it’s important to listen to your body. It may take a few weeks for your body to acclimatise to the heat,  so start slowly with shorter and less intense workouts. As you get used to the heat, you may find yourself responding better to it – your body may start sweating earlier to help you cool down,  and over time, your heart rate may not rise quite as high during your workouts. 

‘Take it easier in the sun so you don’t push yourself beyond your limits,’ says Dr Menon.

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry.__


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Kry.co.uk > Your health > Exercising in the heat – a doctor’s guide

Exercising in the heat – a doctor’s guide

If you don’t take care when exercising in the heat, you may be putting your health at risk. Read our Lead GP’s advice on how to exercise in the heat safely.

Doctor’s guide to exercising in the heat | Kry UK

When the sun’s shining, there’s no better place to be than the great outdoors. But hot summer days carry a risk of heat exhaustion, which, if left untreated, can turn into heatstroke.

Heatstroke is a serious and life-threatening condition that happens when your core body temperature is too high.  With climate change hiking up global temperatures,  heatstroke-related deaths are expected to more than double by the 2050s. 

Heatstroke can affect anyone, but the risk is highest for the elderly, young children and babies; those who suffer from long-term health conditions like diabetes or heart, lung or kidney disease; and people taking certain medications. 

## What causes heatstroke?

Heatstroke happens when your body is exposed to so much heat that it can no longer regulate its temperature. ‘Heatstroke is a severe heat-related illness that can occur when strenuous physical exertion or exposure to hot weather – or a combination of both – causes our body temperature to rise to 40°C or above,’ says Dr Menon.

Our bodies are sophisticated machines. Our vital organs cooperate to keep everything working in balance through a practice called homeostasis, carefully controlling temperature, blood sugar levels and the concentration of different ions in your blood. In hot weather, your body has a few ways to maintain a steady temperature:

- Your skin sweats to shed heat
- Your body tells you you’re thirsty and you need to drink water
- Your kidneys start making less pee to conserve water

If you stay in the heat for too long, your body has to work harder to maintain its core temperature. This can result in heat exhaustion, which may escalate to heatstroke. 

## What are the signs of heat exhaustion?

On its own, heat exhaustion is not usually serious, but it comes with the risk of heatstroke. The key symptoms of heat exhaustion are:

- A temperature of 38°C or above
- Dizziness and confusion
- A headache
- Intense thirst
- Feeling sick and a loss of appetite 
- Excessively sweating 
- Tiredness 
- A rapid pulse 
- Cramps in the arms, legs and stomach
- Passing less urine, which is also very dark 

If you think you have any symptoms of heat exhaustion, it’s important to take action to cool your body down quickly and avoid heatstroke. Move to a shady area or cool room as soon as possible, then lie down and raise your feet slightly. Make sure to drink plenty of water or a sports drink. Cool your skin by spraying it with tepid water or switching on a fan, and if you can, try placing ice packs on your groin, armpits or neck.

## What are the signs of heatstroke?

Heatstroke is a medical emergency. It must be treated quickly before it causes serious damage to your brain, heart, kidneys and other vital organs. Here are the symptoms to look out for:

- A high temperature of over 40°C
- Nausea
- Headache
- Fast, strong pulse
- Flushed, hot skin 
- Feeling confused
- Loss of consciousness 

If you’re still feeling unwell 30 minutes after cooling down, call emergency services. ‘Heatstroke requires hospital admission for assessment and treatment. You may also have to stay in hospital for observation,’ says Dr Menon. ‘Recovery time is dependent on the individual and how unwell they were when taken to hospital.’

## Can children get heatstroke?

‘Children are more vulnerable to heat-related illness than adults,’ explains Dr Menon. ‘In comparison with adults, they produce more metabolic heat and absorb more heat. They also sweat less and are less well adapted to losing it.’

The symptoms of both heat exhaustion and heatstroke are usually the same in children as in adults. ‘Often children are less able than adults to communicate their distress,’ says Dr Menon. ‘If your child has a high temperature and doesn’t seem themselves after being out in the sun, it’s vital you consult a doctor or take them to A&E. Your child may feel sick or vomit, complain of a headache or appear sleepy or floppy. They’ll likely be sweating and breathing more quickly than normal too,’ he says.

To keep children safe in higher temperatures, encourage them to play in shaded areas, and always keep babies under six months old out of direct sunlight. Make sure they are wearing light, breathable clothes. Small children may not ask for water, so make sure they’re drinking plenty of fluids throughout the day.

## How can I avoid heat exhaustion and heatstroke?

Of course, it’s always better to prevent heat exhaustion and heatstroke in the first place. Follow these simple steps to stay safe this summer.

### __1.	Stay hydrated__
Drink plenty of cold drinks, and if you’re exercising outside, make sure you’re taking in more fluid than you’re losing. Drink before you feel thirsty – as you get older, your body gets less responsive at recognising dehydration.  The colour of your pee can also tell you if you’re drinking enough. A pale straw colour usually means you’re well hydrated. 

### __2.	Stay clear of the midday sun__
It’s best to stay in the shade between 11am to 3pm when the sun’s rays are most intense. Make sure you use a sunscreen of SPF 30+ that protects against both UVA and UVB rays on all exposed parts of the body.

### __3.	Dress for the weather__
Light-coloured clothes reflect heat, and loose clothing made from natural fibres like cotton or linen allows sweat to evaporate and cool you down. Wearing a wide-brimmed hat is a simple way to protect your ears, face and the back of your neck from the sun. Keep your eyes safe by choosing sunglasses with high-UV protection.

### __4.	Be mindful of alcohol__
Drinking alcohol in the heat can have an impact on your core body temperature. Alcohol is a diuretic, which encourages your kidneys to lose extra fluid and causes you to pee more, making it even more likely you’ll get dehydrated.

While heat-related illnesses can be serious, the good news is that they’re usually simple to prevent. Next time you’re out in the sun, watch out for the tell-tale signs of heat exhaustion and heatstroke. 

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry.__


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See a GP about heatstroke

Kry.co.uk > Your health > What are the warning signs of heatstroke?

What are the warning signs of heatstroke?

From spotting the symptoms of heatstroke to knowing quick cool-down techniques, discover how to avoid heatstroke with advice from Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry

What are the warning signs of heatstroke? | Kry UK

Kry.co.uk > Womens health hub > Banner

We know that everyone’s journey to getting pregnant is different. Understanding how you can improve your health, fertility and chances of falling pregnant naturally is the best place to start. 

‘While there are some things out of your control when it comes to your fertility and falling pregnant, there’s lots you can do to improve your health at the beginning of your journey,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont.

## Facts about fertility  

According to [figures from the NHS](https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/trying-for-a-baby/how-long-it-takes-to-get-pregnant/), if you’re under 40 and have regular sex without using contraception, there’s an 8 in 10 chance you’ll get pregnant within a year.

But we know that fertility declines with age, and more significantly [after the age of 35](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/having-a-baby-after-35-your-questions-answered/) – this is because of a decreasing number and quality of eggs. [Male fertility](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/male-fertility-9-lifestyle-factors-that-help/) also declines gradually with age.

Lots of people also experience fertility issues when trying for a baby, for a variety of reasons. The latest figures show that [1 in 7 couples have difficulty conceiving](https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/planning-a-pregnancy/how-to-get-pregnant/how-long-does-it-take-get-pregnant) – approximately 3.5 million people in the UK. 

Although this can be distressing, there’s lots of help available – and it’s not uncommon for falling pregnant to take longer than you may expect.
‘It’s good to know that falling pregnant is a numbers game, to some extent. A young, healthy couple has around an 80% chance of conceiving within one year. And at least half of those that don’t conceive, likely will the following year,’ Dr McClymont reassures.

## Where’s the best place to start with boosting fertility?

### __1. Know your fertile days__
If you haven’t started to already, get to know your menstrual cycle by making a note of how long your cycle usually lasts. This will help you track the 6 ‘fertile days’ where conception is more likely to happen. 

These are the 5 days before ovulation happens and the day afterwards. 
Keeping an eye on your cycle’s length, regular pattern and cervical mucus changes helps you identify your fertile days. Remember that ovulation can vary from month to month, even if you have a regular cycle. 

For a more accurate idea of when you’re ovulating, you can buy over-the-counter ovulation kits to help find your fertile window. Like with most things, it’s always best to start with natural methods if you can.

### __2. Have lots of sex__
It may seem obvious, but one of the best ways to increase fertility is to have sex regularly (2-3 times a week). 

‘Sex every other day during the fertile window is recommended, and every 2-3 days throughout your cycle if you’re unsure when your fertile window is,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont. 

Long periods of not having sex can reduce the number and quality of sperm, so try and make sex (a fun) part of your weekly routine. Although there are theories about which sexual position is better for conceiving, there’s no evidence to back this up.

### __3. Stay fit and active__
Exercising regularly gives you lots of important health benefits as well as boosting fertility. Although, it’s best to avoid excessive amounts of exercise or very strenuous workouts, as too much exercise can actually have negative effects on your ovulation.

### __4. Aim for a healthy BMI__
[A healthy BMI](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/5-simple-tips-for-a-healthy-bmi/) is between 18.5-25 – and so it’s best to be somewhere in the middle. Being overweight or obese can reduce your fertility as well as delay ovulation. Women with a BMI of more than 30 may take longer to conceive.  

Fertility is also affected if you’re underweight, as this can lead to problems with ovulation. 

If you’re worried about your weight, you can get support from a GP or dietician to help you get as healthy as possible when trying to get pregnant. 

### __5. Take a prenatal supplement__
Prenatal supplements are another recommended way to help improve your fertility. They also benefit early development of the embryo and reduce the chances of problems like spina bifida. These supplements mainly consist of folic acid (0.4 mg) – this is something women are recommended to take at least 12 weeks before pregnancy. 

Vitamin D is another recommended vitamin to take for fertility, and lots of prenatal supplements will include this too.

### __6. Stop smoking__
Smoking reduces your chances of falling pregnant naturally, and this includes e-cigarettes. Smoking affects both male and female fertility so we recommend that you and your partner stop smoking before trying for a baby. You can get lots of support and advice on quitting from a GP.  

### __7. Cut down alcohol and caffeine__
If you’re trying to get pregnant naturally, it’s always a good idea to limit the amount of alcohol and caffeine you’re drinking. Healthy limits for women are between 1-2 units of alcohol a week and 1-2 coffees a day. It’s even better to stop drinking alcohol completely.

### __8. Consider your contraception__
Many women can get pregnant immediately after stopping hormonal contraception, but for others it can take longer for their periods to regulate. 

‘If you’re using the combined contraceptive pill at the moment, and are planning ahead about trying for a baby, you may want to consider changing your contraception as it can take up to 3 months for regular periods to return,’ says Dr McClymont.

‘Similarly, if you’re using the contraceptive injection it can take a little while, sometimes up to a year for regular periods to return.’ 

### __9. Choose sperm-friendly lubricant__
Something that may seem a little less obvious to think about is your choice of lubricant, if you use one. Lots of lubricants contain spermicide which are designed to kill or slow down sperm and stop them from reaching an egg. Even lubricants that do not contain spermicide may significantly impede a sperm’s motility.

Look instead for a lubricant that mentions it’s ‘sperm-friendly’ on the packaging. 

### __10. Try not to worry__
Don’t panic if it doesn’t happen immediately. If you don’t fall pregnant straight away, it doesn’t mean there’s a problem. It’s considered perfectly normal for it to take up to a year to conceive a baby.

## What if I’m finding it difficult to get pregnant naturally?

Doctors usually advise to wait at least a year while having regular sex without contraception, before discussing fertility tests or treatment.

‘If you’ve been trying to conceive for a year and haven’t been successful then a GP can arrange tests for you which would normally include blood tests, a screen for sexual infections and sperm analysis for your partner,’ says Dr McClymont.

‘Depending on your medical history you may also be offered an ultrasound scan and referred to a fertility clinic for further treatment.’

## When to speak to a GP about fertility

- You’ve been trying for a baby for more than a year
- You’re aged 36 or over and want to try for a baby soon
- You take regular medication and want to get pregnant
- You have a long term medical condition like diabetes
- There’s a risk of passing on a medical condition like sickle cell disease
- You or your partner have a known or undiagnosed fertility issue like [endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/severe-period-pain-endometriosis-or-pcos-how-can-you-tell-the-difference/), or a low sperm count
- You’re worried you or your partner may have an undiagnosed medical issue that’s affecting your ability to fall pregnant.


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See a GP about tiredness

Livi.co.uk > Your health > 10 health tips for planning a pregnancy – a doctor’s advice

10 health tips for planning a pregnancy – a doctor’s advice

 Expert advice from our Lead GP on boosting fertility to help with falling pregnant naturally

Kry.co.uk > Your health > 10 health tips for planning a pregnancy – a doctor’s advice

How to boost fertility naturally – a doctor’s guide | Kry UK

kry.co.uk > medical reviewer

Rhianna-headshot

Dr Rhianna McClymont

Lead GP, Kry

In the UK, over [30,000 people will have a cardiac arrest](https://www.bhf.org.uk/what-we-do/policy-and-public-affairs/transforming-healthcare/out-of-hospital-cardiac-arrests) outside of hospital, where emergency medical services will attempt to resuscitate them. Just 1 in 10 people will survive.

CPR and access to defibrillators can double the chances of someone surviving – and this is why it’s so important for everyone to learn how to do CPR.

## How to do CPR

The aim of CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is to pump blood around the person's body when their heart has stopped beating. CPR needs to be started as soon as possible to give the best chance of survival.

1. Call 999 or 112, or ask someone nearby to call for an ambulance. The operator will get you to check whether the person is definitely unconscious and not breathing, before talking you through the steps of how to do CPR.

2. Make sure the person is lying on their back, tilt their head back, and check their airways are clear.

3. Place the heel of one of your hands in the centre of their chest. Place your other hand on top, with your fingers interlocked.

4. Push the chest down (about 5cm) and continue with a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute. That’s about two per second. Giving chest compressions is hard work, so ask someone else to take over if you are exhausted.

5. Continue to give CPR until the person is breathing on their own or until paramedics arrive. And if you can, ask someone nearby to find a defibrillator. 

[This website](https://www.heartsafe.org.uk/aed-locations) shows where your nearest defibrillator is in the UK. All defibrillators have clear instructions and can be used by anyone.

## Is it safe to do CPR with COVID restrictions?

Before the outbreak of COVID, medical advice on how to do CPR included rescue breaths. Since then, there have been a few important changes - to keep everyone safe and prevent the spread of coronavirus – recommended by the [Resuscitation Council UK ](https://www.resus.org.uk)

Their following advice summarises what has changed since the previous advice on how to do CPR.

- Don't put your face close to theirs. If you think there's risk of infection, use a towel or a piece of clothing and lay it over their mouth and nose
- Give chest compressions only - do not give rescue breaths
- Continue with chest compressions until an ambulance arrives
- After the ambulance crew have taken over, wash your hands thoroughly with soap or an alcohol based gel

## Who can I talk to afterwards?

If you or someone you know has had a cardiac arrest, you might feel traumatised afterwards. Talking to a psychologist about your experience may help your recovery.

This may also be the case if you were with someone who had a cardiac arrest and you had to give them CPR. It often helps to talk to someone about your experience. 

There might be a chance to talk through what happened with the ambulance staff or medical professionals.

## How can Kry help?

The most important thing to do in a life or death situation is to call 999 immediately. And then start CPR if you can. If you or someone close to you has suffered a cardiac arrest and needs support, we can help.

A doctor will make an individual assessment based on your symptoms and personal experience, then you may be prescribed treatment or referred for further care. 


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A guide on how to do CPR | Kry UK

Dry skin and dry hands are very common skin concerns which can appear at any age. It’s not usually a serious problem, but can be troublesome and is sometimes associated with other medical conditions like e[czema](/medical-advice/skin-conditions/eczema/), contact dermatitis and psoriasis.

‘Dry skin can usually be managed with good moisturising habits,’ explains Dr Rhianna McClymont. ‘Although for some people dry skin can lead to other problems. If your dry skin is causing you distress, it’s best to speak to a doctor for advice and possible treatments.’

## What causes dry skin?

Our skin is made up of many different layers and forms a natural barrier to protect our body from the outside environment.

To help prevent the outer layer from losing water, the skin produces an oily substance called sebum. If your skin doesn’t have enough sebum, it can lose water and start to feel dry.

Here are some of the most common causes of dry skin and dry hands.

__Too much heat__ – this could also be in cooler months from central heating or fireplaces.

__Having regular hot showers or baths__ – and excessive handwashing or scrubbing of the skin.

__Using harsh soaps or cleaning products__ – these can remove the protective layer of oil from your skin.

__Swimming pools__ – especially if your skin is particularly sensitive to chlorine.

__Environmental changes__ – either very hot, dry weather or lots of exposure to wind and sun as this can evaporate water from the skin.

__Age__ – the skin naturally produces less oil as you get older.

__Medical conditions__ like eczema or [psoriasis](/medical-advice/skin-conditions/psoriasis/).

## Why do I get dry hands?

We use our hands a lot during the day and this makes the skin more vulnerable. Our hands are also more exposed to irritants like the cold, heat, pollution and dirt – these all weaken the skin’s natural barrier and cause the skin to dry out. Although having dry hands is not harmful, it can cause lots of irritation, especially when our hands become extremely dry, itchy or chapped.

Most cases of dry hands are due to a change in weather conditions – this is why we often experience [dry skin in winter](/your-health/7-winter-skin-questions-answered/). If your dry skin is caused by a medical condition like eczema, you’re likely to experience dry skin all year round.

It can be difficult to avoid exposing your hands to heat, chemicals and cleaning products and so this is another cause of sudden dry skin on the hands.

## Symptoms of dry skin and dry hands

- Scaly patches of skin
- Peeling or flaky skin – often visible on a dry scalp
- Red or cracked – very common on dry hands
- Feels rough to the touch
- Inflamed and itchy skin

‘Symptoms of dry skin can vary from person to person from a mild isolated patch of flaky skin to widespread and extensive scaly, rough or reddened patches of skin. In people with more extensive symptoms, their dry skin may actually be a sign of a medical condition such as eczema or psoriasis, and scaly skin can be a [sign of actinic keratoses](/medical-advice/skin-conditions/actinic-keratoses/),’ says Dr McClymont.

‘It’s usually easy to treat dry skin yourself, but if you’ve tried self-management and are still struggling with your skin, speaking to a doctor can help to exclude other conditions which may require prescription creams.’

## How to treat dry skin

Using an emollient (moisturiser) regularly will be enough to help most cases of dry and dehydrated skin. Emollient creams and lotions are used to soothe and hydrate the skin and can significantly help reduce dryness and itching.

Apply a moisturiser directly to the skin and use it throughout the day to reduce water loss, especially if you’re struggling with dry hands. If you’re not sure which moisturiser is best for your skin type, check with a doctor or pharmacist.

If you experience regular flare-ups of eczema and are not able to get relief from moisturisers alone, a mild steroid cream can be bought over the counter. If this still doesn’t work, a GP can prescribe a stronger cream. 

## How to prevent dry skin

There are lots of lifestyle changes that can help prevent outbreaks of dry skin. These are worth trying if you’re prone.

- Keep your skin moisturised with an emollient cream or lotion
- Drink plenty of water to keep your skin hydrated
- Avoid harsh soaps and bubble baths
- Wear protective gloves while using cleaning products
- Reduce the length of your shower or bath
- During colder months, remember to wear gloves outside and while inside, try placing a damp towel on a warm radiator to increase the humidity of the air

## Dry skin in babies and children

Babies and children tend to have more delicate skin than adults – and can be more sensitive to environmental changes. This may make them even more prone to moisture loss, which means their skin can dry out quickly.

‘It’s common for children and babies to develop dry skin, and the same advice for adults applies to children too. When bathing children, make the water lukewarm and opt for a fragrant free, soap-free wash,’ Dr McClymont advises.

‘Gently pat them dry afterwards and then immediately apply moisturisers to the skin to seal in moisture. Using a humidifier in the nursery may also help to prevent the skin drying out if your child suffers with persistent dry skin,’ adds Dr McClymont.

## Should I see a doctor about dry skin? 

Usually, dry skin can be treated at home or with help from an over-the-counter cream. But you should see a GP if...

- If you’ve already tried a variety of over-the-counter products and are still struggling to control your dry skin, or your child’s dry skin
- If your skin has become cracked, sore and painful
- If your dry skin is affecting your daily activities and causing you frequent distress
- If there are any signs of skin infection – this can appear as discharge from the skin, or hot and swollen patches of dry skin.


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Person treating dry skin with moisturiser

 What causes dry skin? And how to treat it

A guide on how to spot symptoms of dry skin, possible causes and expert advice on how to prevent and treat dry skin

What causes dry skin? And how to treat it | Kry UK

Vasovagal syncope is the medical term for fainting caused by not enough blood reaching the brain. It can affect a lot of people and has many different symptoms. Most of the time it’s not a serious condition but it’s important to monitor it, especially if you experience regular fainting. 

## What is vasovagal syncope?

Vasovagal syncope is caused by a sudden and temporary drop in your blood pressure and heart rate. This is the result of hyperstimulation of the vagus nerve, hence the term ‘vasovagal episode’. The vagus nerve plays an important role in the healthy functioning of the body. It is involved in the regulation of our breathing, digestive system, blood pressure and heart rate.

The [drop in blood pressure](/your-health/are-my-blood-pressure-levels-healthy-a-doctors-guide/) causes the blood flow to our brain to lower, and this can make us feel temporarily unwell, or experience a brief loss of consciousness. This is known as syncope – or fainting.

Although vasovagal syncope in itself is harmless, it’s really the circumstances in which it occurs that can make it dangerous. Losing consciousness can lead to a traumatic fall or even a fatal accident, like while driving a car.

This phenomenon is very common among younger people aged 15-30, and especially women. 

## What are the symptoms of vasovagal syncope?

Vasovagal syncope usually sets in gradually but can also happen very suddenly. Before a vasovagal episode you might experience nausea, turning pale and sweating. Then, other symptoms gradually appear:

- Blurred vision
- Ringing in the ears (surrounding noises become almost inaudible)
- Dizziness
- Heart palpitations
- Tremors
- An inability to speak
- Diarrhoea or abdominal pain
- Headaches
- Weakness in the legs 
- A loss of consciousness lasting a few seconds

Some symptoms, like [headaches](/your-health/9-types-of-headache-and-what-you-can-do/) or severe fatigue, may last for several hours after the vasovagal episode. 

## What causes vasovagal syncope?

Vasovagal syncope is a frequent phenomenon and has many causes. There are physical triggers: 

- The sight of blood (from wounds or blood tests, for example)
- Standing for a long time
- A sharp pain
- Intense fatigue
- Extreme heat
- Intense effort (from exercise, for example)
- Prolonged fasting
- Motion sickness
- A lack of ventilation in a crowded environment

In addition to these physical factors, there are psychological factors like strong emotions or high stress levels. 

In some cases, the drop in blood pressure may be a result of standing up too fast. This is more common in older people, as the vagus nerve's regulatory system can fatigue over time.

Certain drugs, especially those used for high blood pressure, can also trigger syncope.

There’s no treatment to prevent vasovagal syncope. The only solution is to avoid known triggers like stressful situations, prolonged fasting and lack of ventilation. 

## What to do if someone faints

When the first symptoms appear, the most important thing is to help regulate the blood flow by sitting the person down. If you can, lay the person down with their legs slightly elevated with a cushion. This will allow blood to flow back to the brain.

If you’re experiencing symptoms of vasovagal syncope, let the people around you know how you’re feeling. If you’re unable to sit down – like if you’re standing on public transport – ask for support to avoid a sudden fall.

In the majority of cases, the person experiencing a vasovagal episode will come round quickly after losing consciousness. If this is the case, reassure them when they wake up and encourage them to lie down for at least 10 minutes with their legs elevated. 

If you think the person has lost consciousness for too long, there are certain signs to look out for indicating you should get emergency help. These include:

- Not regaining consciousness
- Not breathing
- An irregular, very slow or even absent pulse

## How long does it take to recover from 

Although vasovagal syncope may seem alarming, the episode is usually brief. The accompanying symptoms usually disappear quickly. It may take a good 15 minutes before the blood flow to the brain is restored and this depends on the triggering event.

To recover more quickly from a vasovagal episode:

- Sit or lie down 
- Contract the muscles of the legs and arms for 30 seconds and then release, to boost blood flow. You can repeat this process as many times as necessary 

## What to do if this is happening regularly 

Vasovagal syncope usually recurs when a person is exposed to the same trigger. But this may indicate underlying problems, so you should always get medical advice if you suffer from recurrent fainting.


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Vasovagal syncope is a common condition that causes us to faint as a result of our body overreacting to certain triggers, like the sight of blood or extreme stress. Here’s what you need to know 

Vasovagal syncope is the medical term for fainting caused by not enough blood reaching the brain. Discover what triggers fainting and what you can do.

How to deal with frequent fainting (vasovagal syncope) | Kry UK

What causes fainting and what helps? Guide to vasovagal syncope

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