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Your health | KRY

We’ve all experienced the uncomfortable bloated feeling, where your tummy seems stretched and full. Usually this feeling will come and go as it’s affected by things in our day-to-day lifestyle.

‘If you’re experiencing frequent or persistent bloating, or your bloated tummy comes with other worrying symptoms, it’s worth speaking to a GP to rule out any digestive problems, issues with your diet or other medical conditions,’ says Dr McClymont.

Although bloating can sometimes be caused by food intolerances, the menstrual cycle or medical conditions like [irritable bowel syndrome](/your-health/summer-bites-and-stings-a-guide-to-prevention-and-treatment/) (IBS), most cases of feeling bloated can often be managed by natural bloating remedies and daily self-care.

## What is bloating, exactly?
Bloating is very common and is characterised by a feeling of fullness, tightness, or swelling in the abdomen. It’s often accompanied by excess gas, discomfort and sometimes pain.

Bloating can happen for a variety of reasons, including overeating, certain foods or drinks, digestive conditions or hormonal changes. While bloating is usually not a serious condition, it can be uncomfortable and affect your quality of life.

## What causes bloating?

As bloating can be caused by many different factors, it’s a good idea to understand the most common causes so you can work out the best way to get rid of bloating. Here’s what can cause symptoms:

- [Excess gas and flatulence ](/your-health/whats-causing-your-gas-and-flatulence/)(farting)

- [Constipation](/medical-advice/digestive-problems/constipation/)
- Swallowing air (from talking while eating, eating too quickly, drinking through straws or chewing gum)

- Food intolerance – gluten and dairy are the biggest culprits but people may have their own individual intolerances

- Certain types of food – especially those high in salt and carbohydrates

- Lifestyle choices – lack of exercise, overeating, or eating late in the day

- Fizzy or carbonated drinks

- [Coeliac disease](/medical-advice/digestive-problems/coeliac-disease/) – a common digestive condition where your intestine cannot absorb gluten found in wheat, barley and rye (If you’re diagnosed with this condition, speak to a GP about how to make the best changes to your diet)

- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) – the bloating of IBS is usually caused from the erratic movement of food waste through the bowel

- Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – this is caused by water retention from a change in hormone levels during[ your menstrual cycle](/your-health/your-menstrual-cycle-explained/)

## How to get rid of bloating – 10 tips

### 1.	Drink the right fluids
Drinking plenty of water and avoiding too many fizzy, sugary or caffeinated drinks can really help. If you can’t do without your morning cuppa, limit yourself to 1 or 2 cups a day. Herbal and decaf teas are good alternatives too. 

### 2. Avoid gassy foods
Try cutting down on foods known to cause bloating after eating, like beans, onions, broccoli, cabbage, sprouts and cauliflower. Certain fruits can cause a bloated tummy too, like blackberries and watermelon – so bear this in mind when choosing your 5 a day.

### 3. Up your fibre
Eating more high-fibre foods like wholegrain bread, wholewheat pasta, beans and pulses can help improve your digestion and reduce bloating. 

### 4. Consider your eating habits
Making small changes to how you eat, as well as what you eat, can make a big difference to how bloated you feel. Although it’s tempting to eat on the go, try to sit down while you eat and be as upright as possible. Take your time to chew food and keep your mouth closed to stop you swallowing too much air.   

### 5. Get plenty of exercise
Even a 20 minute walk a few times a week can improve your bowel function and reduce bloating as it helps keep everything moving in your gut.

### 6. Stay clear of culprits
Some of the worst things for bloating include chewing gum and foods that are high in salt, fat and refined carbohydrates like white bread, white rice, pastries and sweets. Limit these to an occasional treat.

### 7. Don’t eat too late
Eating dinner a few hours before you go to bed gives yourself more time to digest properly. If you find your bloating is particularly bad in the evening, try and eat a bit earlier than usual.

### 8. Understand IBS
We have lots of helpful guidance for [IBS](/medical-advice/digestive-system/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/) relief which covers how to manage bloating symptoms linked to IBS. If you’re worried about bloating caused by IBS, it might be worth speaking to a GP to discuss your symptoms.

### 9. Try a natural bloating remedy
Lots of people use bloating remedies as a quick fix – like taking peppermint oil tablets or drinking a cup of ginger tea.

### 10. Spot your triggers
Keep a daily food diary for a couple of weeks to spot any triggers, noting down everything you eat and drink. This will help you identify when your bloating seems to be at its worst so you can cut it from your diet. If you’re considering cutting out a food group long-term, always get advice from a GP first.

‘Many people have individual triggers for their bloating, and so what works for one person may be less effective for another. It’s helpful to try and identify what makes your bloating worse so you can avoid or minimise that trigger,’ explains Dr McClymont.

## What natural bloating remedies can I try?

### Peppermint
Peppermint is used to aid digestion and reduce bloating. It contains compounds that relax the muscles in your digestive tract, which can help reduce bloating and excess gas. You can try drinking peppermint tea or taking peppermint oil supplements to see if it helps.

### Ginger
Ginger can help reduce bloating by getting rid of unwanted inflammation in your digestive tract. Try drinking ginger tea or taking ginger supplements to see if it helps.

### Probiotics
Probiotics are good bacteria that live in your gut and help support digestion. They can also help reduce bloating by keeping your digestive system healthy. You can find probiotics in yogurt, kefir, and other fermented foods.

### Water
[Staying hydrated](/your-health/why-is-hydration-so-important-a-doctors-guide/) can help flush out excess salt and reduce bloating. Aim to drink at least 8 glasses of water a day, and avoid fizzy drinks which can contribute to bloating.

## When should I speak to a doctor about bloating?

If your bloating is persistent, making you uncomfortable, and you don’t seem to get relief from these lifestyle tips, it’s best to speak to a GP to rule out an underlying condition.

‘There are many different reasons for bloating, mostly linked to lifestyle and dietary habits, but sometimes an underlying medical condition,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont.

‘If you’re worried about your bloating, or you’ve noticed other symptoms like unexplained weight loss, changes in your bowel pattern or blood in your poo, then you should speak to a doctor.’


bloating cta

See a GP about bloating

Kry.co.uk > Your health > A doctor’s tips to help beat bloating

A doctor’s tips to help beat bloating

Common bloating causes, tips for bloating relief and when to seek help. From the experts at Kry. 

How to get rid of bloating | Kry UK

kry.co.uk > medical reviewer

Rhianna-headshot

Dr Rhianna McClymont

Lead GP, Kry

General health

General health and seasonal

How to get rid of bloating

Your testicles are a very sensitive part of your body. So whether it’s an occasional twinge or constant ache, testicular pain can be worrying. Most of the time there isn’t a cause for concern, but it’s worth knowing the most common causes of testicular pain and when it’s smart to get checked out. 

## What does testicular pain feel like?

Testicular pain can feel different from person to person, usually depending on the cause. The pain can be short and sharp or a dull ache that’s always there. You might feel pain in your left testicle, right or both, and the pain may spread to the lower abdomen and the area surrounding your testicles.

## What is chronic testicular pain?

Chronic testicular pain is called chronic orchialgia. This is where testicular pain lasts for more than 3 months and affects your daily life, for example by making it too difficult to do physical activity. The pain can be intermittent or constant. 

Chronic orchialgia might start from something small like a knock to the testicles or an infection, but if the pain is long-lasting it’s important to seek medical help.

## 8 common causes of testicular pain

### 1. Trauma

Almost everyone with testicles knows how much it can hurt when they’re knocked. A lot of testicular pain is simply down to trauma to the testicles which could be caused by an accident or playing sport. The pain is often accompanied by bruising or swelling. 

If you’ve experienced a blow to your testicles, over-the-counter painkillers can help with the pain, and a warm bath can help reduce any swelling. If the pain is severe, get urgent medical help. 

### 2. Epididymitis 

[Epididymitis](/medical-advice/urology/epididymitis/) is where the tube at the back of your testicles, called your epididymis, becomes swollen and painful.

It’s often caused by an [STI](/your-health/10-common-stis-and-their-treaments/) like [gonorrhoea](/medical-advice/sexual-health/gonorrhoea/) or [chlamydia](/medical-advice/sexual-health/chlamydia/), though it may also be down to an infection that isn’t transmitted through sex. As your body works to fight the infection you can feel pain in the area around your testicles. 

As well as pain in one or both of your testicles, you may experience:
- A warm feeling, swelling, redness or tenderness in your scrotum
- A lump or swelling in your testicle – this is caused by fluid around your testicle
- Difficulty or pain when you pee
- A white, yellow or greenish discharge from the tip of your penis

If epididymitis is caused by an infection you’ll need antibiotics to treat it, so speak to a doctor if you have symptoms.

It’s worth getting an STI test if you haven’t had one recently. Visit a sexual health clinic – they can advise you further, arrange for treatment if you need and anonymously let past and present sexual partners know. 

### 3. Orchitis

Orchitis is an inflammation of the testicles caused by a virus or infection. It’s often a complication of epididymitis that hasn’t been treated.

Orchitis causes severe testicular pain that can be debilitating, so seek urgent medical help if you’re experiencing symptoms.

In orchitis, the pain may be accompanied by:
- Swelling and tenderness in one or both testicles
- Fever
- Nausea or vomiting
- Fatigue

Orchitis can be caused by mumps. This is usually accompanied by a temperature, headache and swelling of the glands at the side of your face. Many people are vaccinated against mumps, so it’s not common.

### 4. Cyst

Epididymal cysts are lumps caused by a collection of fluid in the epididymis, the tube behind the testicles. These cysts are common, harmless and usually don’t need treatment, but the lump can be mistaken for testicular cancer so it’s worth seeing a doctor to identify the cause. 

### 5. Hernia

A [hernia](/medical-advice/digestive-system/hernia/) happens when an internal part of your body, like an organ or fatty tissue, pushes through a weak spot in the surrounding muscle or tissue wall. This causes a lump or swelling in your groin or lower abdomen, leading to testicular pain and swelling.

You can check if you have a hernia looking for lumps around your tummy and groin. The lump may disappear when you push it back in or if you lie down, only for it to pop out again if you strain.

Hernias aren’t usually serious, but they can cause complications so it’s good to get it checked by a doctor.

### 6. Kidney stones

[Kidney stones](/medical-advice/urology/kidney-stones/) are hard lumps that form in your kidneys from waste products in your blood. They can travel down the tubes that connect your kidney to your bladder, causing testicular pain. 

If your testicular pain is caused by kidney stones, you may also have:
- Pain your groin or the side of your abdomen
- Nausea or vomiting
- Sweating and a high temperature
- Blood in your pee
- A [urine infection](/medical-advice/urology/urinary-tract-infection-uti/) – this can cause a burning sensation when you pee and make you feel like you need to go more often

Small kidney stones will usually pass on their own, but it can be painful. A doctor can advise you on how to help the process or suggest other treatments if they’re large.

### 7. Varicoceles

Varicoceles are a large group of dilated veins that gather in your testicles. Sometimes varicoceles are symptomless, but in some cases it causes testicular pain that gets worse throughout the day or during physical activity, and the testicle can feel heavy and lumpy.

Varicoceles tends to happen mostly in the left testicle, so if you only have pain in your left testicle, it’s worth having a feel to see if it feels different from the other.

### 8. Testicular torsion

Testicular torsion happens when your spermatic cord gets twisted which restricts blood flow to the testicles. It’s a serious condition that needs urgent medical attention so go to A&E if you experience:
- Sudden and severe testicular pain
- Pain in your abdomen
- Your scrotum turning a darker colour
- Swelling
- Vomiting

Testicular torsion can usually be resolved with surgery if you’re treated within 6 hours. 

## Could I have testicular cancer?

Thankfully, testicular cancer isn’t very common and will usually present with a lump, not testicular pain alone. If you have a dull ache in your testicle with no lump present, it’s very unlikely you have testicular cancer, but there could be a different cause for your pain. 

Find out more on the symptoms of testicular cancer and [how to check your testicles for lumps](/your-health/testicular-cancer-how-to-spot-the-signs/).

## When should I speak to a doctor?

Seek medical help if:
- Your pain lasts longer than a few days
- There’s a lump or swelling around your testicles
- You have a fever
- Your scrotum is red, tender and hot to touch

If your testicular pain is very sudden and severe, it could be an emergency like testicular torsion, so call 111 or go to your nearest A&E.

__This article has been approved by Dr Bryony Henderson, Lead GP at Kry.__


Article page > When to worry about testicular pain > CTA

Speak to a GP about testicular pain

Article page > When to worry about testicular pain

When to worry about testicular pain

There are many reasons you might feel pain in one or both of your testicles. Discover the different causes of testicular pain and when to seek help.

Meta information > When to worry about testicular pain

When to take notice of testicular pain | Kry 

Dr Bryony Henderson

Lead GP at Kry

Men Health

Men's Health

When to take notice of testicular pain

If you’ve ever felt on the verge of a mental breakdown, you’re not alone. Pressure to succeed, parental stresses and [work worries](/your-health/a-therapists-guide-to-coping-better-with-work-related-stress/) mean more and more of us feel like we’re at a [crisis point](/medical-advice/mental-health/crisis/).  
It’s important to remember a mental breakdown may not look or feel like a sudden or obvious outburst. Intense stress and anxiety can increase gradually over time too. Here, we share how to spot the signs of a mental breakdown and how to seek help when you need it.

## What exactly is a mental breakdown?

A mental breakdown – sometimes called a ‘nervous breakdown’ – isn’t a medical term or mental health diagnosis. In fact, it’s generally used to describe a period of intense mental and emotional distress. 

A breakdown is a term that’s used to describe when someone can’t function normally in their everyday life because of overwhelming [anxiety](/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/), [burnout](/your-health/7-early-signs-of-burnout/) or [stress](/medical-advice/mental-health/stress/). 

## What causes a mental breakdown?

A mental breakdown can be triggered by a specific event that causes someone extreme distress. Underlying mental health conditions – like anxiety, depression and [post-traumatic stress disorder](/medical-advice/mental-health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/) (PTSD) – can also play a role. 

According to one [study](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261949446_The_Manifestations_and_Triggers_of_Mental_Breakdown_and_its_Effective_Treatment_by_Increasing_Stress_Resilience_with_Psychosocial_Strategies_Therapeutic_Lifestyle_Changes_and_Orthomolecular_Interv), several factors can contribute to a mental breakdown – including constant worrying, sleep problems, relationship or financial difficulties, pressures related to work, loneliness and lacking a sense of purpose. 

## What are the signs of a mental breakdown? 

Recognising the signs and symptoms of a mental breakdown in yourself or someone else is important, so that you can get help quickly. 

Mental breakdown signs vary from person to person. They can relate to a person’s mental state and how they’re feeling to physical symptoms too. They can also depend on the underlying cause. 

If you’re having a mental breakdown, your intense reaction to stress can feel a lot like other mental health conditions like chronic stress, anxiety and depression. 

[Burnout](/your-health/7-early-signs-of-burnout/), where a person experiences too much stress over long periods, also has some similar signs and symptoms to a mental breakdown. 

Here are 7 key signs to look out for: 

### 1. You’re feeling anxious or depressed

Are you anxious to the extent that you feel like you can’t cope with daily life? Or are you feeling so low or depressed that it’s impairing your ability to function? Both anxiety and depression are emotional responses to prolonged stress. 

If you’re headed towards a mental breakdown, you may experience episodes of feeling helpless or uncontrollable crying. You may also have emotional outbursts or feelings of uncontrollable anger. 

### 2. You’re having panic attacks 

If you’re feeling sudden and intense anxiety, you may be having a panic attack. Some people may experience panic attacks in response to severe stress. 

These feelings can also be accompanied by [physical symptoms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28613692/) of:

- Trembling or shaking
- Breathlessness
- Dizziness
- Sweating
- Dry mouth
- Rapid, irregular heartbeats
- Chest pain 

### 3. You’re finding it difficult to sleep 

Getting a [good night’s sleep](/your-health/3-ways-stress-can-disturb-your-sleep/) is essential for your emotional and physical wellbeing. And excessive stress can impact your sleep. 

When you have a lot on your mind, it can be difficult to fall or stay asleep. You may also wake up in the early hours, while others may sleep too much. 

One [2018 review](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsr.12710) found that ‘stress-related worry and rumination’ caused disrupted sleep and eventually the risk of developing future [insomnia](/medical-advice/general-health/insomnia/). 

### 4. You feel exhausted 

Too much stress can leave you feeling exhausted and tired. If you’re experiencing a mental breakdown, activities that you once enjoyed may feel increasingly difficult. You may also feel that you don’t have the energy to face routine tasks. 

You could also feel tired because you’re not sleeping enough or too much. 

### 5. You’re withdrawing from friends or family

You may start to withdraw from friends, family and co-workers if you’re having a mental breakdown. Signs of withdrawal can include: 

- Calling in sick for work
- Avoiding social events and missing scheduled appointments 
- Not wanting to spend time with family and friends and isolating at home 
- Not looking after your personal hygiene 

### 6. You have a change in appetite

Do you find yourself overeating as a way of coping with feelings of being overwhelmed? If you find yourself overeating, this could be linked to stress, anxiety or even a mental breakdown. One [study](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6620125/)found that the stress hormone cortisol can trigger cravings for foods that contain high amounts of sugar or fat. 

What’s more, there’s [evidence](https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2015/snapshot) to suggest that others may [lose their appetite](/your-health/8-causes-that-could-explain-your-loss-of-appetite/) when they’re experiencing immense emotional or mental difficulties. 

### 7. You’re unable to concentrate

[Research](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579396/) suggests that prolonged stress can affect your memory and concentration levels. This is because it may cause structural changes in different parts of the brain. 

You may have difficulty concentrating, remembering things or feel unable to make decisions if you’re having a mental breakdown. 

Your cognitive symptoms may impair your ability to deal with the stress that you’re experiencing. 

## What should I do in a mental health crisis? 

It can be scary to experience the overwhelming feelings of a mental breakdown, but there’s help available. 

If you’re at risk of attempting [suicide](/your-health/what-to-do-if-youre-having-suicidal-thoughts-a-psychologiss-advice/) or harming yourself, call 999 or go to A&E. Alternatively, you can contact your [local crisis team](https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/mental-health/find-an-urgent-mental-health-helpline) who will be able to listen and help.

If you urgently need help for your mental health, but it’s not an emergency, call 111. 

It’s important to remember that you’re not wasting anyone’s time by reaching out for help.  

## When should I speak to a doctor? 

If you’re struggling with your mental health, speaking to a doctor can be an important and [helpful first step](/your-health/talking-about-mental-health-with-a-gp/). They can refer you for further support. 

It’s a good idea to speak to a doctor or therapist if: 

- You’re feeling low or depressed 
- You’re struggling with anxiety, stress or another mental health issue 
- You feel like you’re unable to cope with daily life, including work, study or relationships
- You’re finding it hard to go to sleep or get up 
- You’re experiencing suicidal thoughts or [self-harming](/your-health/what-is-self-harm/) 

__This article has been medically approved by Kry Lead GP, Dr Bryony Henderson.__


Section > Call out > GP CTA for content

Speak to a GP

kry.co.uk > Your health > Mental breakdown

Signs of a mental breakdown 

From anxiety to withdrawal, there are many different signs of a mental or nervous breakdown. Read about what you should do in a mental health crisis. 

Meta information > Your Health > Mental breakdown

7 signs of a mental breakdown | Kry UK

Mental health

7 signs of a mental breakdown

Memory loss is an umbrella term that covers different types of forgetfulness. It can affect short or long-term memory and includes skills like remembering names, or even how to do things – like brushing your teeth. 

Forgetting things from time to time is normal, especially as you age. It’s thought that [40% of people older](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123445/?utm_source=s5_mobile_site&utm_medium=mobile&utm_campaign=s5_87740) than 65 have some age-related memory loss. But how can you tell if something more serious is going on?

Whether it’s time to wonder if this is more than normal ageing depends on how often and how significantly you forget things. This guide will help you tell the difference between normal memory lapses and ones that a doctor should explore further.

## What is normal age-related memory loss? 

Memory loss can happen at any age and can show up across a range of thinking skills. Some common types of forgetfulness are: 

- Having a word or someone’s name on the tip of your tongue, but taking a few minutes to recall it
- Forgetting facts or events, especially ones that you haven’t thought about for a while or that happened a long time ago
- Losing your keys or forgetting an appointment 
- Mixing up facts or memories, such as where an event happened

As long as your memory lapses are minor and occasional then it’s considered normal age-related memory loss. Only [1% of adults](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123445/?utm_source=s5_mobile_site&utm_medium=mobile&utm_campaign=s5_87740) over 65 with mild memory loss go on to develop dementia. 

[Studies suggest](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2006653117) our brains peak between 35-44 years. As we get older, neurons slow down, certain areas shrink, and blood flow decreases, which can slow down our ability to solve problems or remember information.  

Sometimes, memory loss is caused by other age-related physical changes like [menopause](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/endocrine-system/menopause/), which can cause [brain fog](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/brain-fog/). It can also result from major physical changes like having [chemotherapy](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/what-is-chemotherapy/). 

## When to worry about forgetfulness? 

If your memory loss is becoming a pattern or affects your ability to learn and remember new information, it’s time to speak to a doctor. This could include:

- Repeating the same questions or conversations 
- Struggling to follow instructions or directions 
- Getting confused about places, people, or time
- Difficulty taking care of yourself

Here's how normal age-related memory loss compares with signs that something more serious is going on.

### It’s likely to be normal if you…

- Occasionally lose something, miss an appointment, or forget to pay a bill
- Forget the name of someone you don’t know very well 
- Sometimes forget events, conversations, especially from a long time ago 
- Are worried about your memory but other people aren’t
- Sometimes forget words
- Can still learn new information or skills, even if it takes a bit longer
- Can go about your daily life as normal

### Speak to a doctor if you… 

- Lose items regularly and often miss appointments or bills 
- Forget the names of friends or family or are slow to recognise people 
- Regularly forget events or conversations, even those that happened recently
- Are not worried about your memory but friends and family are
- Find it hard to have a conversation
- Struggle to learn new skills or information
- Can’t keep up your usual routines and forget how to do things 

## What can cause memory loss? 

It’s important to find out what’s causing your forgetfulness because it might be reversible if treated. 

Certain medications, infections like [UTIs](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/urology/urinary-tract-infection-uti/), stress, tiredness, and [depression](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/) can all lead to memory loss, which usually goes away when the cause is addressed. 

Some causes of memory loss are progressive and will gradually affect you more, including the types of memory they affect. It’s helpful to get an early diagnosis for these conditions because there are medicines that can be beneficial when taken from the beginning. 

Here are some of the more serious causes of memory loss:

### Mild cognitive impairment

Some people experience more significant changes in their thinking, including memory, visual skills, and problem-solving. It can stay stable, improve, or worsen with time. 

### Strokes

[Strokes](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/cardiovascular-system/stroke/) are caused by blood clots in the brain. They block oxygen from reaching brain cells, which can affect a broad range of cognitive and motor skills.

### Dementia 

Memory loss can be a sign of [dementia](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/neurology/dementia/). It covers a range of conditions that affect cognitive skills, including Alzheimer’s disease.  

### Parkinson’s disease

Although [Parkinson’s disease](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/neurology/parkinsons-disease/) mainly affects motor skills, later stages can cause memory loss. 

## How can I improve my memory? 

You can help [keep your memory sharp](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/how-to-improve-memory/) at any age. Keeping your brain healthy has a lot of overlap with staying physically healthy, and includes regular exercise and a good diet. 

## When to speak to a doctor about memory loss

If you’re worried about your memory or people close to you have noticed changes, see a doctor. 

This could include:

- Becoming more forgetful 
- Having problems concentrating 
- Difficulty keeping up your regular routines
- Changes to your mood 

__This article has been medically reviewed by Lead Livi GP, Dr Bryony Henderson.__


kry.co.uk > CTA > Memory loss

livi.co.uk > Your health > Memory loss

Memory loss

Are you worried that your memory isn’t what it was? Learn to spot the difference between normal age-related memory changes and signs of dementia.

Meta information > Your Health > Memory loss

Memory loss – what’s normal and what’s not? | Kry UK

Memory loss – what’s normal and what’s not?

Antibiotics can be useful for bacterial infections. But doctors are increasingly reluctant to prescribe them because of the risk they may no longer be effective.

Dr Annette Alaeus, a specialist in infectious medicine, explains why, and shares her advice on how to safely use antibiotics and prevent antibiotic resistance.

## How do antibiotics work?

Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial [infections](/medical-advice/infections/). They work by targeting harmful bacteria and prevent them from spreading. Most mild bacterial infections get better on their own without using antibiotics.

## How long do antibiotics take to work?

Antibiotics start working straight away, but you may not feel better for 2 or 3 days, or maybe longer, depending on the type of infection you’re on antibiotics for. The important thing is to take them up until the end of the recommended course of treatment, even when you’re feeling better.

## What's antibiotic resistance?
‘When antibiotics are overused or used when they’re not needed, the bacteria they’re supposed to treat can change and develop resistance,’ says Dr Alaeus. ‘This can mean that, eventually, antibiotics may no longer work.’

Antibiotic resistance is now a problem worldwide. It means common infections like [pneumonia](/medical-advice/respiratory-conditions/pneumonia/), [tuberculosis](/medical-advice/respiratory-conditions/tuberculosis/), blood poisoning, [gonorrhoea](/medical-advice/sexual-health/gonorrhoea/)
and foodborne diseases are now becoming harder – and in some cases impossible – to treat.

This is why doctors will no longer routinely prescribe antibiotics for conditions like chest infections, ear infections (for children) and sore throats, but only when it’s absolutely necessary.

## When are antibiotics needed?  

‘Ideally, antibiotics should only be used as a last resort where an infection is unlikely to clear up without antibiotics (for example, a [urinary tract infection (UTI)](/your-health/utis-your-questions-answered/) that keeps recurring) or where it could carry a risk of more serious complications.

‘Antibiotics can really save lives when used in the appropriate way,’ Dr Alaeus says. ‘But taking antibiotics when you don’t need them can mean that they won’t work for you in the future, when you might really need them to treat a more serious condition.'

If you’re unsure whether antibiotics are the answer, a Kry GP can go through your symptoms and recommend the best treatment option.

## Can a cold be treated with antibiotics?

‘Antibiotics are for bacterial infections and don’t work for viral infections like [colds](/medical-advice/infections/common-cold/) and [flu](/medical-advice/infections/influenza/), [coughs](/medical-advice/respiratory-conditions/cough/) and [sore throats](/medical-advice/ent/sore-throat/), because these are caused by a virus,’ says Dr Alaeus.

‘The best thing you can do if you have a cold is to rest and drink plenty of fluids. And if you need, take paracetamol to help a high fever.’

It’s normal to want to [get rid of a cold or flu as quickly as possible](/your-health/how-to-recover-from-flu-faster/), but using antibiotics won’t help. In fact, using them for viruses can put you at risk of getting a bacterial infection that’s resistant to antibiotics.

The good news is that with rest and plenty of fluids your immune system will clear these viruses over time.

## Can antibiotics help Covid-19?

Antibiotics cannot treat viruses, including Covid-19. But some people who become unwell with Covid-19 may develop a bacterial infection. In this case, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat that infection. 

## How are antibiotics taken?

Antibiotics are available in many forms including tablets, capsules, liquid, creams, sprays or drops. The type of infection you have, and the location, will determine what form of antibiotics you’re advised to take.

‘Always take antibiotics as instructed on the packet, or by a doctor,’ says Dr Alaeus.

## 6 tips for taking antibiotics safely

When you’re taking antibiotics, keep in mind these points:

### 1. Forgetting a dose
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember and then continue to take your course of antibiotics as normal.

### 2. Stick to the recommended dose
Never take more than what a doctor recommends, as this will increase your chances of side effects like pain, diarrhoea, feeling sick and bloating.

### 3. Always check the label
There are several types of antibiotics and some don’t mix well with alcohol or other medicines like the [contraceptive pill](/medical-advice/contraception/contraceptive-pill/). Always check the label or talk about any concerns with a GP.

### 4. Finish the course
Make sure you complete the course of antibiotics you’ve been prescribed, even if you start to feel better. This will allow enough of the antibiotics to clear any infection.

### 5. Don’t share antibiotics
Never take antibiotics that were prescribed for someone else, as it may not be right for treating your specific infection.

### 6. Try probiotics
If you’re taking antibiotics, you can protect your gut by eating more probiotic foods or supplements. This will help protect you from side effects like thrush.

## What can I do to prevent antibiotic resistance?
- Only use antibiotics when prescribed 
- Never demand antibiotics if a doctor says you don’t need them
- Always follow a doctor’s advice when using antibiotics
- Never share or use leftover antibiotics

## How can I prevent infections so I don’t need antibiotics?
The best way to prevent yourself from having to take antibiotics is to try to avoid infections in the first place. These steps will help:

- Wash your hands regularly
- Prepare food in a hygienic way
- Avoid contact with people who are sick
- Practice safer sex
- Make sure your vaccinations are up to date

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Annette Alaeus, infectious diseases expert and Dr Bryony Henderson, Lead GP at Kry.__


Callout > CTA > Speak to a GP about antibiotics

Speak to a GP about antibiotics

Kry.co.uk > Your health > How do antibiotics work and when do you need them? An expert Q&A 

How do antibiotics work and when do you need them? An expert Q&A 

Antibiotics can be useful for some health problems, but they’re not always the answer. Here’s what antibiotics are needed for and how to prevent antibiotic resistance.

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What is antibiotic resistance? | Kry UK

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Annette Alaeus

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What is antibiotic resistance?

Psychological trauma is our body and mind’s response to a very stressful or upsetting event. Being in an accident, experiencing abuse, domestic violence or even a war zone can trigger psychological trauma. 

The way we experience and process trauma is different for everyone. Some people may find it difficult to move on with their lives, while some may experience flashbacks or physical symptoms like headaches. 

The good news is there are universal tools and treatments that can help you through. Here, we explain everything you need to know about psychological trauma and how to get the help and support when you need it.

## What is trauma?
Trauma is the emotional response we have to a terrible or stressful event like an accident or a form of abuse. These events can affect our sense of security and safety, and make us feel helpless or overwhelmed. 

Immediately after a traumatic event you might feel in shock or numb. Our longer-term reaction can leave us struggling with our emotions, memories and potential flashbacks. 

For some of us, the resulting anxiety or fear can last a long time, causing long-lasting damage to our [mental health](/your-health/mental-health/). 

## How do I know if I’m dealing with trauma?
Not all negative events trigger trauma, but if you’ve experienced something very upsetting you might feel traumatised as a result. 

Our response to psychological trauma is deeply personal. It’s not the situation that determines whether an event is traumatic, but your own emotional experience of the event. 

That said, there are some common mental and physical responses to trauma:

### Emotional and psychological symptoms:
- Feeling numb or disconnected
- Feeling frightened or helpless
- Unpredictable emotions
- [Panic or anxiety attacks](/medical-advice/mental-health/panic-disorder/)
- Feeling guilty or ashamed
- Withdrawing from other people

### Physical health symptoms:
- Headaches
- Insomnia or nightmares
- Nausea
- Racing heartbeat
- Being startled easily
- Aches and pains

Sometimes trauma can have us feeling trapped in unhealthy behaviour cycles or [negative thought patterns](/your-health/5-ways-to-deal-with-negative-thoughts-now/). You may feel a range of things as a result of trauma, and it’s important to remember that this is a completely normal human response. 

There’s always help available, and if you’re feeling any of these symptoms, talking to a doctor can be a helpful first step to getting help.

## What type of events or experiences can cause trauma?
Emotional and psychological trauma can be caused mainly by three different types of experiences:

### 1. One-off events
This could include an accident, injury, natural disaster or a violent or invasive attack like being robbed or sexually assaulted. 

### 2. Ongoing or repeated events
This might include experiencing a life-threatening illness or repeated traumatic events like bullying, domestic violence, [emotional abuse](/your-health/10-signs-of-emotional-abuse-in-a-relationship/) or childhood neglect or abuse. 

This might also include harassment or discrimination because of your sexuality, identity or race.

### 3. Commonly overlooked causes
You can also experience trauma after common but upsetting life events, these might include invasive surgery, the sudden death of someone you love or the breakup of a relationship.

## What are the different types of trauma?
The key different types of trauma usually reflect the cause of the trauma:

### Acute trauma
This happens as a result of a one-off stressful or dangerous event.

### Chronic trauma
This comes from repeated highly stressful events, like bullying or abuse. 

### Complex trauma 
This happens when you’re exposed to multiple traumatic events.

There are also some different forms of trauma, depending on who we are and our experiences:

### Childhood trauma 
When children and adolescents experience a traumatic event or ongoing trauma, this is called childhood trauma. Some experts use the term ‘[Adverse Childhood Experiences](https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html)’ to describe negative experiences in childhood, including sexual, physical or emotional abuse or neglect.

[Research shows](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207191/) that not only are children more vulnerable to trauma because their brains are still developing, but early trauma can actually have a negative effect on the brain development itself. 

Trauma can cause a disruption of the brain’s chemicals, causing a more escalated (or intense) stress response. This can affect a child’s long-term emotional development, mental health and physical health. The sense of fear or overwhelm can also continue as they get older.

### Generational trauma
We know that certain genetic conditions can be passed down through families but experts are learning more about how trauma might be passed down too. Generational trauma (sometimes called intergenerational or multigenerational trauma) is a term currently being investigated by experts. 

According to a [recent study](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6127768/), researchers think that generational trauma may happen as a result of the foetus being exposed to chemicals linked to maternal stress like cortisol. Or, potentially it can happen through epigenetic changes – changes to someone’s DNA as a result of trauma that could potentially be passed down. However, this is an emerging field of study and more research is needed.

### Racial trauma
[Racial trauma](https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/tips-for-everyday-living/racism-and-mental-health/#RacialTrauma) is the impact racism can have on your mind and body. Experts are still trying to define this type of trauma, but it’s undeniable that experiences of ongoing racism and discrimination can affect our emotional and psychological health.

Sometimes, racial trauma and generational trauma can be linked. Racial trauma may be passed down through families – when older family members have been harmed by racism this can affect their children’s [self-esteem](/your-health/how-can-i-build-my-self-esteem/) and sense of safety.

## What is trauma bonding?
Trauma bonding can be a psychological response to abuse. This can happen when you form an unhealthy bond with the person who is abusing or has abused you. 

Because of the complex emotions and feelings that come with abuse, you may develop sympathy for the abusive person, combined with feelings of guilt and shame, this can lead to this unhealthy bond. Stockholm syndrome is a type of trauma bonding.

## Does all trauma lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Trauma can have long-term effects on your health and wellbeing. Sometimes, when your symptoms continue and don’t get better, this may mean that your trauma has developed into a mental health condition called [PTSD](/medical-advice/mental-health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/).

A doctor or therapist can help to identify whether you need support or treatment for PTSD, so it’s best to seek help if you’re concerned. Though it may be challenging, sharing your experiences and symptoms will help you access the best form of help.

## What are the best treatments for healing after trauma?
Everyone’s experience of trauma is different and so different treatments will work for individuals. 

If you’re concerned about coping with trauma, you can speak to a doctor or therapist who will help to determine the best type of support, treatment or tools that can help you through.

Some of the most common treatments and sources of support include:

### 1. Talking therapy
Talking therapies like psychotherapy, CBT or body-focused therapies can be helpful for trauma as they’re designed to give you space to share your feelings and experiences with a trained professional, as well as develop tools and techniques for coping. 

Getting to know [whether talking therapy is for you](/your-health/is-talking-therapy-for-me/) could be the first step to seeking help.

### 2. Group support networks
You may find sharing your experiences and feelings with people going through similar situations helpful. There are local group support networks that offer face-to-face or digital support and meet-ups. 

### 3. Art therapy
Arts and creative therapies can be particularly helpful for people experiencing trauma as they help us address painful feelings and difficult memories without using words. 

Treatments include anything arts-based like music or drama with the support of a trained therapeutic professional. 

### 4. Crisis services
If everything ever feels like it’s all too much or you feel like you’re having a mental health crisis, there are services available to help right away. [Samaritans](https://www.samaritans.org/) is a 24-hour call helpline, or your local drop-in or mental health support service can help. Check out [Mind’s crisis services](https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/guides-to-support-and-services/crisis-services/) page.

### 5. Medication
Some people might find medication helpful when managing mental health problems linked to trauma. A doctor or healthcare professional can help suggest the best treatment for you, depending on the mental health issue or symptoms you’re going through.

## When should I seek help?  
If you’re struggling to cope with a mental health issue or concerned that you might have symptoms as a result of trauma, there’s help available. 
Talking to a doctor or therapist will help you determine the best next step for you, and could be the first step to processing and coping with trauma.

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Bryony Henderson, Kry Lead GP.__

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What is trauma

Psychological trauma is a natural response to a very stressful or upsetting experience. Find out the key causes, symptoms and how we can heal from trauma.

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What is trauma and how does it affect our mental health?  | Kry UK

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What is trauma and how does it affect our mental health?

We know that the food we fuel our bodies with is so important for our health. Eating more lean protein, fibre and good fats over refined and sugary foods will keep your energy levels topped up and even help to stave off disease. 

Up until recently, the medical field didn’t really acknowledge the connection between mood and food. Only now are we learning more about the [gut-brain connection](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367209/), revealing the importance of looking after the friendly bacteria in your gut to stabilise your mood and reduce the chance of depression.

The [latest research](https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m2382) suggests a much deeper relationship between food and your mood and brain performance. There’s a great deal more to understand and research is ongoing. 

## What’s the link between food and your mental health?
The food you eat directly affects the structure and function of your brain – and therefore your mood. Unsurprisingly, your brain functions best when you feed it foods high in vitamins and minerals. 

Omega-3 fatty acids found in foods like oily fish, nuts and seeds, [help to keep your brain functioning healthily](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4404917/) and ward off degenerative conditions like [Alzheimer’s disease](/your-health/what-is-the-difference-between-alzheimers-and-dementia/). 

Wider studies have shown diets high in vegetables, fruits, unprocessed grains and fish – like the Mediterranean diet and the traditional Japanese diet – can reduce the risk of depression, on top of helping you live longer.

Experts are also finding that diets high in refined sugars or processed foods can spell the opposite. 

This is because they can disrupt your body’s regulation of insulin (which plays an important role when it comes to your [blood sugar levels](/your-health/what-you-need-to-know-about-blood-sugar/)) and cause inflammation. [One large study](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-05649-7?wptouch_preview_theme=enabled&wptouch_preview_theme=enabled) found that both of these factors can affect brain function and make symptoms of mood disorders like depression worse.

## What’s the gut-brain connection?

Serotonin is one of the body’s key chemicals – it helps to regulate your sleep, appetite and mood. Known as the ‘feel-good’ chemical, serotonin enhances calm, improves your outlook and lessens depression. 

Amazingly, over [90% of your serotonin is produced in the digestive tract](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190906092809.htm), so it makes sense that our digestive system doesn’t just help you process food, but may also guide your mood. 

Even more, the production of serotonin depends on the billions of ‘good’ bacteria that make up your gut microbiome. They improve how well you absorb nutrients from your food and they activate connections between your gut and brain. It’s not surprising that some scientists now refer to your gut as a ‘second brain’. 

## The bottom line:
- Improving your diet may help to improve your mood, give you more energy and help you think more clearly.
- Healthy eating habits like ditching sugary foods and eating more of a Mediterranean diet, are linked to better mental health  
- The gut microbiome may play a key role in the relationship between the food we eat and our mood

## 7 food types (and eating habits) that can help to boost your mood
This isn’t about magic-bullet ingredients, but the evidence is mounting to link these foods and eating habits to reduced risk of depression and better wellbeing.

### 1. Eat more fruit and vegetables
Sounds simple, but fruit and veg contain fibre as well as plenty of the vitamins and minerals your body needs to feel good. [One large study](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940663/) that followed people for about 7 years proved that those who increased both in their diet rated themselves significantly happier and more satisfied with life.

__Try:__ 
- Eating a rainbow of fruit and veg each week

### 2. Swap refined for complex carbs
Swap highly refined carbohydrates like pastries, white bread and sweet cereal as often as you can for complex carbohydrates like wholegrains and pulses. Refined carbs can cause your blood glucose and insulin levels to spike, and [studies](https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/102/2/454/4564524aedacd835f2a5&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha) have also drawn a link to depressive symptoms. Complex carbs give you slow-release energy and can help to balance your mood.

__Try:__ 
- Chickpeas in stews and curries
- Oats for breakfast
- Mashed sweet potato instead of white rice

### 3. Add more lean protein to your plate
Protein contains amino acids and when we eat these, it triggers another feel-good hormone, dopamine, to be released. This works to increase your energy levels and improve your concentration. Lean protein also affects your [hunger hormones](/your-health/what-you-need-to-know-about-hunger-hormones/) and can help you feel full, so when you eat enough of it, you can ward off ‘hanger.’

__Try:__ 
- Boiled eggs as snacks
- Adding leftover chicken or salmon to your salad
- Lentils in curry or dahl

### 4. Introduce gut-friendly foods
A diet that’s high in fibre and polyphenols promotes good gut health, while introducing things like probiotics can specifically improve the health of that friendly bacteria. It all helps to send feel-good signals from your gut to your brain.

__Try:__
- Live yoghurt with berries for breakfast
- Sauerkraut or kimchi as a snack
- A drizzle of olive oil on your salad

### 5. Eat regularly 
When your [blood sugar drops](/your-health/what-you-need-to-know-about-blood-sugar/), you can feel tired and irritable. Eating regular meals and choosing foods that release energy slowly will help to keep your levels steady.

__Try:__
- Whole grain pasta, rice and bread instead of white
- A banana, oat cakes or a handful of nuts if you’re hungry between meals

### 6. Be inspired by the Mediterranean diet
You don’t have to eat it all the time to reap the benefits. So many studies point to its combination of fish, fruit, vegetables and nuts as being an excellent general health and mood booster.

__Try:__ 
- Growing your own tomatoes or courgettes
- Mackerel or sardines on toast
- Smashed avocado in your sandwich

### 7. Drink more water
If you don’t [drink enough](/your-health/why-is-hydration-so-important-a-doctors-guide/) throughout the day, you might find it difficult to concentrate or think clearly. It can also make you feel constipated (which is definitely a mood killer). It’s worth noting that tea and coffee count to keep you hydrated, but [too much caffeine](/your-health/how-much-caffeine-is-too-much/) is linked to anxiety and disturbed sleep, so keep it balanced.

__Try:__
- Drinking 6–8 glasses of fluid a day
- Swapping sugary or caffeinated drinks for low-sugar or decaf

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Bryony Henderson, Lead Kry GP.__


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Food and mood

The latest research shows a deeper relationship between food and mental health – here’s everything you need to know about the mood-boosting foods to eat

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Food and mood: how does your diet affect your mental health?  | Kry UK

Nutrition

Food and mood: how does your diet affect your mental health?

Feel like you’re doing everything right but can’t seem to lose weight? This is because losing weight isn’t a linear process.

Being overweight puts us at risk of long-term conditions, so if you’re on a journey to a healthier weight, you’re already making good decisions about your health. 

But it’s important to lose weight sustainably and consider the many factors that can influence your weight loss. This way you’ll be on track to maintaining a healthier weight – and healthier mind – for good.

## What’s a calorie deficit?

A calorie deficit is when you burn more calories than you consume. It’s achieved through the help of:

A diet that restricts the amount of calories you consume.
Exercise that helps you burn more calories than you would without movement. 

You do need a calorie deficit to lose weight, but the formula isn’t as always simple as it seems – there are many things that can contribute to weight loss and maintaining a healthy weight.

## How many calories should I eat a day?

[The recommended amount](https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/food-and-diet/what-should-my-daily-intake-of-calories-be/#:~:text=Generally%2C%20the%20recommended%20daily%20calorie,women%20and%202%2C500%20for%20men.) of calories per day is 2,000 for women and 2,500 for men. To lose weight long-term in the healthiest way, it isn’t best to significantly reduce your calorie intake, but instead consume a little less while keeping active. Balance is key. 

## 10 potential reasons you’re not losing weight in a calorie deficit

### 1. You’re expecting quick results

Weight loss can take hard work, consistency and most importantly, patience. If you’re disappointed with the amount you’ve lost across a few months, step back and look at the bigger picture. Do you want to drop a dress size for your next event only to regain the weight straight after? Or slim down the healthy way and keep it off? 

When we rush weight loss, our bodies can become out of sync and we’re more likely to rebound. For [sustainable weight loss](/your-health/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-sustainable-and-healthy-weight-loss-according-to-a-doctor/) make small, steady adjustments and think about how you want to feel in a year’s time, not next week. It’s about a shift in lifestyle and not just weight.

### 2. You’re eating less, but could make healthier choices

This is where a calorie deficit alone isn’t a magic formula. Reducing your calories to 1,500 a day but eating processed foods instead of healthy fats, protein and fruit and veg won’t give you long-term results. You could also be limiting how healthy you feel overall.

[Evidence shows](https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4583.long) that cutting back on processed carbohydrates and switching to complex carbs is more effective for lasting, sustainable weight loss. This is because sugary carbs impact the way we store fat.

Protein and fibre-rich foods have lots of nutritional value and will help you feel fuller for longer. Try to think about the quality of your calories, not the quantity.

### 3. You’re not keeping track

It’s human nature to give ourselves a pat on the back for eating a healthy meal, then dismiss the naughtier food we eat at the weekend. If you track everything you’re eating you may see your calorie intake is higher than you thought. An app or journal can help with this if you need structure.

If you’re choosing healthier foods but eating more of them, you could be consuming more calories than you realise. While boiled new potatoes are a better choice than oven chips, it’s important to be mindful of eating twice as much. If you prefer not to count your calories, try simply using a smaller bowl or plate to control your portions.

### 4. You’re not doing the right exercise

It’s great if you’ve kickstarted your weight loss journey with regular exercise. But it could be that your routine isn’t helping you lose weight. It can be tricky to know the best thing to do at the gym, especially because we’re all different, but speaking to a member of staff, personal trainer or a doctor could help you know if you’re on the right track. 

Try your best to stay motivated if you’re working out but not losing weight – any physical activity has a host of other health benefits, and [regular exercise is linked to better mental health](/your-health/exercise-and-mental-health/).

### 5. You’re drinking too much alcohol

It’s easy to only consider calories in solid foods, but the hard truth is that drinking increases your calorie intake too. Just 1 standard glass of wine has 133 calories, while a pint of beer has 239 – about the same as a Mars bar. And these are ‘empty’ calories with no nutritional value.

If you’re counting calories, make sure you add each drink. And try making swaps for lower calorie options, like choosing white spirits and sugar-free mixer over wine or beer. 

It goes without saying that [cutting down on alcohol](/your-health/what-does-alcohol-do-to-your-body/) altogether will benefit your weight loss and overall health.

### 6. You’re simply getting older

One of the many changes that happen to our bodies as we get older is that it’s harder to lose weight. In your 20s, weight loss might be as simple as cutting back on a few treats, but a loss of muscle mass as we age means we need to put in more effort to burn fat. For women, hormonal changes throughout the [perimenopause](/your-health/7-signs-of-perimenopause-a-doctors-guide/) and [menopause](/medical-advice/endocrine-system/menopause/), like a lack of oestrogen, also increase the amount of fat stored in the body.

If you’re finding weight loss harder than you used to, put more emphasis on [strength training](/your-health/benefits-of-strength-training/) – use weights or resistance bands to increase your muscle mass and burn fat more efficiently. 

### 7. You’re under stress

[Stress affects the body](/your-health/physical-signs-of-stress-on-the-body/) in many different ways, one being that it can hinder weight loss progress. Major life changes like a break-up or divorce, a bereavement or high stress at work can all be triggers for weight gain.

When there’s a lot of stress in your life it’s harder to stay focused on healthy weight loss and keep track of what you’re eating. Then, not meeting your weight loss goals can make you more stressed.

It’s important not to be hard on yourself if you’re not in your best place – talking to a trusted friend or therapist can help.

### 8. You’re not getting enough sleep

Sleep is essential for weight loss, even in a calorie deficit. [Research shows](http://ss-of-weight-management-intervention.html/) that people who get an average of under 6 hours’ sleep a night are more likely to be overweight.

A lack of sleep causes your levels of leptin – the hormone that tells you to stop eating – to decline, and your levels of the [‘hunger hormone’ ghrelin](/your-health/what-you-need-to-know-about-hunger-hormones/) to increase. 

You may also find that when you’re sleep deprived you make poorer food choices, and high-calorie options seem much more tempting. Try to get 7-9 hours’ shut eye a night to help your body work at its best.

### 9. There’s a medical reason you’re struggling to lose weight

Some conditions, like those that affect your hormone levels, insulin or blood pressure, can make it more difficult to lose weight. These include:
- An [underactive thyroid](/medical-advice/endocrine-system/underactive-thyroid)
- Diabetes
- PCOS
- [Heart disease](/medical-advice/cardiovascular-system/cardiovascular-disease/)
- The menopause
- [Depression](/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/)

Difficult losing weight is also a side effect of some medications, including:
- Beta blockers, prescribed for heart and blood pressure issues
- Certain [contraception](/medical-advice/sexual-health/contraception/)
- Certain antidepressants
- Medication used to treat [type 2 diabetes](/medical-advice/endocrine-system/type-2-diabetes/)
- [Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)](/your-health/what-is-hrt/)

If you don’t have a diagnosis but have symptoms as well as difficulty losing weight, it’s worth speaking to a doctor.

### 10. You’re more focused on weight loss than your overall health

If you’re making healthier choices, you might feel better in other ways. Your skin might be clearer, you might be digesting food more easily or you might feel a boost in your self-esteem. And although you can’t see it, you could be reducing your risk of serious health conditions in the future.

It’s important to appreciate the many benefits that come with a healthy lifestyle, not just the number on the scales. It can take a lot of courage to change your habits, and if you take the right steps, it will pay off.

## When should I speak to a doctor?
If you have worries about your weight or want to discuss starting your weight loss journey, a doctor can help. They can determine whether you might have any medical conditions and give healthy lifestyle advice that’s right for you.

__This article has been approved by Dr Bryony Henderson, Lead GP at Kry.__

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