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### Quick facts

- Vaginal discharge often varies at different times in your menstrual cycle
- If you see pink or brown thick discharge, not associated with a period of post-childbirth, then it’s best to speak to a doctor
- Using perfumed soap can disrupt the balance of beneficial bacteria which naturally cleanse the vaginal and keep it healthy

## What is vaginal discharge?

It’s normal to want to understand your body better - and ask why have I got vaginal discharge? Let’s start with what it’s there for. Vaginal discharge is a healthy fluid or mucus that keeps the vagina clean and moist, and provides a barrier to infection. 

Regular vaginals secretions are usually nothing to worry about and shouldn’t have a particularly strong or unpleasant odour.

## Is vaginal discharge healthy?

Having some vaginal discharge is normal, and healthy. This mucus is secreted to keep your vagina clean and moist, and it supports an eco-system of healthy bacteria which protect against infections, infertility and premature delivery in pregnancy.

The amount and texture of your vaginal discharge can vary depending on your age, whether or not you are sexually active or pregnant, and what birth control you use.

‘It’s also entirely normal for a woman’s discharge to change throughout the menstrual cycle,’ says Kry Lead GP Dr Rhianna McClymont. ‘It can go from being thick and sticky just after your period, to slippery, wet and clear, and then to creamy in colour towards the end of the cycle.

‘Along with this, a woman will have a natural odour from her vagina,’ she adds. ‘But if this vaginal discharge changes from your “normal”, or develops a new unpleasant smell, it could be a sign of an underlying problem.’

If you’re worried about thick discharge, any change in appearance, or you’re getting more discharge than usual, it’s important to talk to a GP. You can also visit a sexual health clinic to rule out any infection. 

Dr McClymont explains some of the most common changes, and what might be the cause.

## A white, thick discharge

This type of thick discharge is a classic sign of vaginal thrush, especially if it looks like cottage cheese. ‘Thrush is usually very itchy, but generally the discharge from it does not smell,’ says Dr McClymont.

Thrush is caused by a fungus called candida that many women carry without experiencing any problems. But if something disrupts the natural balance of bacteria in your vagina, it can cause an overgrowth of candida, and this can lead to the symptoms of thrush. Common triggers may include:

- Having sex
- Skin damage or irritation
- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
- Pregnancy
- Poorly controlled diabetes
- A weakened immune system

If you’ve had thrush before, and know the symptoms, it’s straightforward to treat with anti-fungal cream or pessaries, which are available from a pharmacy. But it’s important to see a doctor if:

- It’s the first time you have had symptoms
- Symptoms do not clear completely with treatment
- You are under 16 or over 60
- You are pregnant or breastfeeding
- You have weakened immunity due to something else, like diabetes, HIV or chemotherapy
- You experience symptoms more than twice in 6 months

## Green or yellow discharge with a fishy smell

An infection called trichomonas, or trichomoniasis as it is also known, may be the cause. ‘This yellow discharge may also be frothy in appearance and have an unpleasant, sometimes fishy, smell,’ Dr McClymont points out.

Other symptoms include pain when urinating or having sex; and soreness, itching or swelling around the vagina, which sometimes extends to itchiness on the inner thighs.

Trichomonas is caused by a minute parasite called trichomonas vaginalis, which can be spread by having sex without a condom and sharing sex toys that have not been washed or covered with a new condom before each use.

Symptoms develop within a month, but up to half of the people carrying the microscopic parasite have no signs of infection, so they do not realise they are spreading it.

Trichomonas is relatively rare — in the UK, for example, it affects 6,000 people a year compared to chlamydia, which affects 200,000. But it does require treatment with antibiotics, so it’s important to talk to a doctor or a sexual health clinic. Your current and recent sexual partners should also be told.

Trichomonas during pregnancy increases the risk of having a low birth-weight or premature baby, another reason to see a doctor if you have symptoms.

## Thick greeny-yellow discharge

Green-yellow discharge could be a symptom of gonorrhoea — the second most common STI in the UK after chlamydia. Other symptoms include pain when urinating and bleeding between periods, although half of women and 1 in 10 men with gonorrhoea have no symptoms.

A single antibiotic injection and single antibiotic tablet usually resolves symptoms within a few days. But most doctors and sexual health clinics recommend a follow-up test a week or two later to make sure the infection has cleared.

Treatment, and contacting recent sexual partners, is essential as untreated gonorrhoea can cause permanent blindness in newborn babies.

## A very smelly discharge

A particularly smelly discharge is often a sign of bacterial vaginosis (BV), particularly if it’s ‘fishy’ and more prominent after sex. ‘The vaginal discharge can be thin and watery, or have a greyish-white tinge,’ Dr McClymont says. It’s not usually associated with soreness or itching.

BV is caused by an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina. It’s the most common vaginal condition in women between the ages of 15 and 44 — although half experience no symptoms.

It’s usually easy to treat with antibiotics — in the form of tablets, gels or creams — but it can recur and might require treatment for up to 6 months. Having BV also increases your risk of getting chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

## A pink or brown discharge

This can be a sign of bleeding, which is normal at the beginning and end of your period and after childbirth, when it is known as lochia.

But Dr McClymont says, ‘This should be discussed with a doctor if it occurs at other points in your cycle. Infections, particularly sexual infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea, can cause this, as well as conditions that affect the cervix or lining of the womb such as polyps or, in some cases, cancers.’

## Any unusual or excessive discharge

If it’s accompanied by pelvic pain or bleeding, any discharge that isn’t usual for you could be a sign of an STI such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea.

As chlamydia is quite common, and not everyone develops symptoms, some countries recommend that anyone under 25 who is sexually active should be tested once a year. Left untreated, chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility and reactive arthritis.

## How to prevent problems with vaginal discharge

If you’re sexually active and not in an exclusive relationship, using a condom will help prevent many problems.

It’s also a good idea to avoid products that supposedly promote vaginal hygiene or ‘freshness’, as they are not necessary and often do more harm than good.

‘Use water and an emollient instead of soap to wash and avoid vaginal douching — which involves cleaning the inside of the vagina with water,’ Dr McClymont advises. If you’re using lubricants, make sure they’re unperfumed.

## When to see a doctor

Dr McClymont suggests speaking to a doctor or sexual health clinic if you’re worried about any abnormal vaginal discharge, or any change from what you usually experience during the course of your cycle. And she stresses, ‘Any new bleeding or bloody discharge should be discussed with a doctor — particularly if it occurs after sex, after the menopause or in between your periods.’

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Kry.co.uk > Your health > Is my discharge healthy? A doctor’s guide 

Is my vaginal discharge healthy?

Whether you’re seeing yellow or brown discharge or there’s a smell that’s unusual, talking to a doctor can help you work out why it’s happening and find a solution. In the meantime, this guide to vaginal discharge colour, texture and smell can help 

Kry.co.uk > Your health > Is my vaginal discharge healthy? A doctor’s guide 

Is my vaginal discharge healthy? A doctor’s guide 

Reviewer > Dr Rhianna

IMG 20200730 224911 865[33] (1)

Dr Rhianna McClymont

Lead GP at Kry

Sexual health and contraceptives

Sexual health

Is my discharge healthy? A doctor’s guide 

We all poo, yet most of us find it too embarrassing to talk about. But paying close attention to the size, smell, colour and texture of your poo can reveal a lot about how healthy you are.

[Growing evidence](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425030/) suggests that the [health of your gut](/your-health/how-your-gut-bacteria-affects-your-immune-system/) – home to trillions of microbes of bacteria – has the ability to influence many aspects of your physical and mental health, including how your immune system works.

‘It’s important to normalise talking about poo, because issues with it can indicate a problem in the digestive tract. If it’s something serious, it’s crucial to catch it early,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry.
Here’s what you need to know about healthy poop, the key warning signs to look out for and when to talk to a doctor.

## What does healthy poop look like?

When it comes to your poo, it’s important to know what’s normal for you. But if you’re not sure, The Bristol Stool Chart below is a good illustration of healthy poo.

![bristol-stool-chart-08](//images.contentful.com/h8qzhh7m9m8u/2sTsDm8YlITDR3oezhdLCD/48853a86e4bf591292cb7f9cca7ba74c/bristol-stool-chart-08.png)

## What are the different types of poo?

### 1. Brown, well-formed and easy-to-pass poo

A poo that’s brown in colour, well-formed and easy to pass is considered healthy, explains Dr McClymont. 

### 2. Hard poo (pellet-like)

Hard poo or pellet-like poo can indicate constipation, explains Dr McClymont. You’re likely to be constipated if you haven’t had a poo at least 3 times in the past week and you’re in pain or straining when you go to the toilet. You may also feel bloated, sick or have a [stomach ache](/your-health/whats-causing-your-childs-stomach-ache/). Common causes include lack of fibre, dehydration, inactivity, medication, stress, anxiety or depression.

Drinking plenty of water and eating enough fibre is important, says Dr McClymont. Movement and gentle exercise can help to keep your bowel moving too.
### 3. Loose or watery poo

‘Loose poo or diarrhoea may be caused by a gut infection, food intolerances, certain medications, an [overactive thyroid](/your-health/thyroid-symptoms-overactive-underactive/), or a disease of the intestine like Crohn’s disease. Certain foods can be culprits too, like alcohol, caffeine and spicy or oily foods,’ says Dr McClymont.[Stress and anxiety can](/your-health/talking-about-mental-health-with-a-gp/) also cause diarrhoea, due to the powerful connection between your gut and brain.

One of the main symptoms of [irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)](/medical-advice/digestive-problems/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/), which affects [10 to 15% of people worldwide](https://aboutibs.org/what-is-ibs/facts-about-ibs/), is loose stools. ‘Many people find that their IBS symptoms worsen when they go through periods of significant stress,’ explains Dr McClymont.

‘Treating loose poo will depend on the individual trigger, but as a general rule it’s important to stay hydrated, eat plenty of fibre and avoid foods you’ve identified as irritants to your digestive system,’ she says.

### 4. Bright-red blood in poo
Noticing bright-red blood in your poo might be alarming, but blood in poo is more common than you might think. It can be caused by anal fissures, haemorrhoids, IBD or diverticulitis (a digestive condition that affects the large intestine).

It can also be a sign of bowel cancer. According to Dr McClymont, the red-flag indicators of IBD or bowel cancer include:

- Persistent abdominal pain
- Bleeding from the back passage – particularly if this blood is mixed with the poo
- Unexplained weight loss
- A new change to your normal bowel pattern
- A mass in your abdomen or rectum

### 5. Black poo (tar-like)

Taking iron tablets to treat [iron deficiency](/your-health/a-doctors-guide-to-iron-deficiency-symptoms-causes/) is a common cause for darker poo, as well as eating foods like black liquorice. But it can also be a symptom of a bleeding ulcer or stomach cancer.

‘Black and tarry stools can indicate a problem like bleeding in the digestive tract,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘It’s important to speak to a doctor if you notice this in your poo as you may need further tests.’

### 6. Oily poo

If your poo appears oily, floats and is difficult to flush, it may mean that you’re not adequately absorbing nutrients from your food (malabsorption) or making bile or enzymes to digest food effectively. Other [common symptoms of malabsorption](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SxydaFCdKJG_JOlcXkKnM36kmBk0nlNv/edit) include [excess gas](/your-health/whats-causing-your-gas-and-flatulence/), abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, weight loss and indigestion.

‘There are a number of reasons for this,’ explains Dr McClymont. ‘If this happens with your poo, it’s best to chat with a GP.’

### 7. Mucus in poo

‘Having mucus in poo can be a sign of an infection or underlying disorder like Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis, which are both forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),’ says Dr McClymont. A tear or open sore near the anus (anal fissure), ulcers, IBS and food [allergies](/your-health/10-things-your-poo-can-tell-you-about-your-health/) may also increase mucus production.

‘If you notice mucus in poo and you have a change in your bowel pattern, abdominal pain or blood in the stool, bring this up with a doctor.’

### 8. Colourful poo

Stools can be any shade from brown to purple. ‘Certain foods can change the colour of your poo,’ says Dr McClymont.

‘Beetroot, for instance, can cause a red-pink tinge, which might be quite concerning at first glance. A diet very rich in spinach and leafy greens may also result in greener coloured poo.’

### 9. Clay-coloured or light-coloured poo

Bile is produced in the liver and gives poo its brown colour, so if your poo is pale it could be a sign that the liver isn’t producing enough bile or the flow could be blocked. ‘If you spot this, talk to a doctor as it’s likely to need further investigation,’ says Dr McClymont.

### 10. Noticeably smellier poo

If your poo smells worse than usual, it could indicate anything from constipation to an infection or food intolerance. It could also be caused by a recent change to your diet.

‘If you’re worried or the smelly poo is accompanied by other things like [lower abdominal pain](/your-health/what-causes-lower-abdominal-pain-in-women/), fever or blood in your poo, bring it up with a doctor,’ says Dr McClymont.

## How many times a day should you poop?

‘This differs for everyone. Lots of people will pass one stool every day, but others may pass 2 a day or one every 2 days. The key is to consider what’s “normal” for you,’ says Dr McClymont.
‘If the frequency of your poo suddenly changes, and you become constipated or start passing multiple stools a day when you usually only pass one, it’s best to talk to a doctor,’ she says.

## Still feeling awkward?

If you’re feeling embarrassed about speaking to a doctor about your bowel movements, Dr McClymont recommends using the Bristol Stool Chart, which can help explain the consistency of your poo and whether it’s changed.
A doctor may do a blood test and rectal examination and ask you to provide a small sample of poo. ‘It’s perfectly normal to give a stool sample and a common thing for a GP to ask a patient to do,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘This is then sent on to a laboratory for analysis.’
If you’re concerned about your poo or bowel movements, a doctor can help identify the cause and advise on necessary treatment.


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kry.co.uk > Your health > 10 things your poo can tell you about your health

10 things your poo can tell you about your health

From constipation to mucus or blood in poo, your bowel habits can indicate a lot about your overall health. Read our Lead GP’s guide to poo health

kry.co.uk > Your health >10 things your poo can tell you about your health

What your poo appearance says about your health | Kry

General health

General health and seasonal

Vaginal odour is something we can feel uncomfortable talking about. But getting to know your body can help you identify what’s ‘normal’ for you, and when to get medical help.

‘The vagina has a natural bacterial flora that’s there to keep a good balance,’ explains Dr Rosén. It’s because of this natural bacteria that the cervical mucus in the vagina always has a smell. You may also experience changes throughout your menstrual cycle as the pH balance in your vagina changes.

So, what does vaginal odour normally smell like? 

Dr Rosén says that it usually ranges from a slightly tangy or sour smell to a more metallic smell around or after your period. ‘Generally, if you’re feeling well and your vaginal odour or discharge isn’t unusual for you, there’s no reason to worry.’

## Here are 8 common causes of vaginal odour and when to talk to a doctor:

### 1. Bacterial vaginosis (BV)

__Vaginal odour: fishy__

[Bacterial vaginosis](/medical-advice/gynaecology/bacterial-vaginosis/) is one of the most common causes of a smelly vagina, affecting 15% to 50% of women of reproductive age. ‘It’s a condition where there’s an imbalance in the vaginal flora,’ Dr Rosén explains. ‘The first symptom is often a fishy smell, which can progress to a frothy, grey or green-ish discharge. You may also feel itchy and swollen.’

There are a number of different treatment options if the symptoms of BV don’t clear up on their own. ‘A doctor can prescribe you a course of antiseptics or antibiotics,’ says Dr Rosén. Unfortunately, recurrence is not unusual after antibiotic treatment. Some studies have proven that the use of probiotics could be helpful, and Dr Rosén suggests changing contraception, especially if you’re using the coil.

She adds that your sexual partner may be the cause of your infection, so talking to them about their personal hygiene and using external or internal condoms for a while might be a good idea. If you find that this helps, your partner will likely need a [course of antibiotics](/your-health/how-do-antibiotics-work-and-when-do-you-need-them-an-expert-q-and-a/), too.

‘If you’re having these symptoms, you should see a doctor to rule out any underlying conditions that may need treatment,’ Dr Rosén says. ‘That’s especially important if you’re pregnant, as there’s an increased risk for premature labour.’

### 2. Trichomoniasis

__Vaginal odour: pungent and fishy, similar to BV__

[Trichomoniasis](/medical-advice/sexual-health/trichomoniasis/) is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. ‘It’s a parasitic disease that typically doesn’t cause a lot of symptoms,’ says Dr Rosén. ‘Some people experience subtle symptoms like a yellowy-green [vaginal discharge](/your-health/is-my-vaginal-discharge-healthy-a-doctors-guide/) with an unpleasant smell, and the vulva can be a little red and itchy. A course of antibiotics usually clears it up.’

### 3. Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

__Vaginal odour: very unpleasant, but odour is generally a minor symptom__

Toxic shock syndrome has become a very rare illness – it was often caused by [high-absorbency tampons](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459345/#:~:text=The%20incidence%20of%20TSS%20is,100%2C000%20in%20the%20United%20States.). ‘If this bacteria enters your system, you get very sick very quickly. You’ll get a high fever, [blood pressure changes](/your-health/are-my-blood-pressure-levels-healthy-a-doctors-guide/) and possibly a rash and diarrhoea or vomiting, and you might feel faint,’ says Dr Rosén.

‘If you experience these symptoms, you should go straight to A&E. TSS cases are now very rare, though.’

### 4. A tampon you’ve forgotten to remove

__Vaginal odour: very unpleasant__

‘There have been instances of people seeking help for a bad vagina smell and finding it’s caused by a tampon that’s been left in for days, sometimes longer,’ says Dr Rosén.

‘If this happens, the smell will get worse quickly and be extremely obvious and offensive – so if you’re experiencing vaginal odour that escalates, it’s always best to check.’

### 5. Vaginal thrush

__Vaginal odour: yeasty__

Vaginal yeast infections like [thrush](/medical-advice/gynaecology/vaginal-thrush/) are very common and typically cause itching, burning and changes to vaginal discharge, which can become lumpy and white, similar to curdled milk.

This discharge usually isn’t very smelly, though. ‘If your thrush symptoms are so pronounced that there’s a bad smell, you should see a doctor to rule out any underlying conditions,’ says Dr Rosén.

### 6. Hormonal changes

__Vaginal odour: individual__

Similar to the changing smells throughout your menstrual cycle, other hormonal changes can affect the smell of your cervical mucus. ‘During the menopause and in the post-menopausal years, the smell can change,’ says Dr Rosén.

Pregnancy changes the cervical mucus, too. ‘You may have more discharge, or sometimes it’s thicker or thinner, but it shouldn’t be smelly,’ Dr Rosén explains. ‘If you’re pregnant and have a foul-smelling discharge, you should speak to a doctor or midwife.’

### 7. UTIs and other urinary issues

__Vaginal odour: ammonia__

If you experience an ammonia-like vaginal odour, urine might be involved. This can happen if you have a [urinary tract infection (UTI).](/your-health/utis-your-questions-answered/) ‘This is more likely if a UTI is left untreated and you might be leaking,’ explains Dr Rosén. ‘An infection that’s left untreated will also cause a fever, and the smell will be quite distinct and sickly.’

Occasionally, an ammonia-like smell can be a sign of an existing [incontinence](/your-health/urinary-incontinence-leaky-bladder/) issue that you’re unaware of, says Dr Rosén. ‘These issues are very common. A doctor or gynaecologist can advise on treatment options.’

### 8. Gynaecological cancers

__Vaginal odour: metallic and sickly__

Very rarely, foul-smelling discharge can be a symptom of [cervical](/medical-advice/cancer/cervical-cancer/) or uterine cancer. Discharge and vaginal odour are unlikely to be the only or first symptoms, though.

‘You might have experienced bleeding during intercourse, or perhaps occasional spotting that becomes more regular. The smell will be a little metallic,’ says Dr Rosén. ‘The smell is very different from the fishy or rotten smells of BV or a forgotten tampon.’

If you experience unusual bleeding, you should always talk to a doctor.

## __Can STIs cause vaginal odour?__

‘STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhoea rarely change the smell of the cervical mucus but can cause other symptoms like pain when peeing,’ says Dr Rosén. ‘If you notice a smell, it might be that you’ve also got bacterial vaginosis. If in doubt, talk to a doctor for advice.’

## How do I get rid of the odour down there?

So, what vaginal smell treatments are available? Lots of people who are worried about vaginal odour want to know the right washing routine or best feminine wash for odour.

‘Like any part of the body that gets sweaty, the area around the vulva can get smelly,’ says Dr Rosén. But soaps can disturb the natural balance of the vaginal bacterial flora and possibly increase the risk of bacterial vaginosis. Douching – a method of washing out or rinsing the vagina – can do the same.  

Instead, the recommended way to wash down there is with nothing but water, and avoid perfumed sanitary pads or vaginal deodorants.

‘If you’re very dry as a result of [breastfeeding](/your-health/breastfeeding-whats-happening-in-your-body/), vaginal atrophy (the thinning, drying and inflammation of the vaginal walls, often caused by lower oestrogen levels) or a recent infection, you can use vaginal moisturisers – but nothing with perfume.’

## When should I speak to a doctor about vaginal odour?

It’s important to recognise if the smell is abnormal for you.

Making simple lifestyle changes like using just water to wash down there and avoiding perfumed products is a good place to start. There are plenty of home remedies for vaginal odour too, like eating pineapple or drinking pineapple juice regularly, but these may not work for everyone.

But if the smell seems to be getting worse or you have other symptoms too, speak to a doctor.

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Elisabeth Rosén, a medical doctor at Kry who specialises in gynaecology and obstetrics.__

kry.co.uk >   article page > CTA

Speak to a GP if something’s up down there

Kry.co.uk > Your health > Why does my vagina smell? 8 causes of vaginal odour

Why does my vagina smell? 8 causes of vaginal odour

If your vagina smell is worse than usual, you may need to get treatment. From bacterial vaginosis to vaginal thrush, here are 8 causes of vaginal odour

Why does my vagina smell? 8 causes of vaginal odour and treatment | Kry UK

Having a healthy appetite is an essential part of life – it increases our desire to eat and allows us to get the right amount of nutrients we need to stay healthy. 

So, how does our appetite work? When we’re hungry, the body recognises our need for food and sends a signal – like a rumbling stomach – to the brain to eat. [Hormones](/your-health/what-you-need-to-know-about-hunger-hormones/) play a key role in regulating your body’s appetite. Ghrelin, the ‘hunger hormone’, stimulates your appetite, and leptin tells your brain when you’ve eaten enough. 

‘Many factors can affect the regulation of these hormones and can interfere with our appetite drive,’ explains Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry. Most of us experience loss of appetite at one point or another – whether it’s because of environmental factors, medication or psychological or physical conditions.

## What causes loss of appetite?

In most cases, a decreased appetite is only short term, but if it’s longer lasting you may need treatment for an underlying problem. Here are some of the key causes:

### 1. A viral or bacterial infection

‘Viral and bacterial infections – including flu-like illnesses, tummy bugs and urine infections – are a common reason for appetite loss,’ says Dr McClymont. 

‘When you’re unwell, the body releases chemicals called cytokines, which regulate appetite as part of an inflammatory and immune response that act on neurons in the brain. This suppresses our appetite drive, making us less keen to eat.’ 

### 2. A long-term health condition

Certain long-lasting medical conditions can affect our appetite in different ways. Some conditions that may cause a lack of appetite include:

__Chronic pain__

[Migraines](/medical-advice/neurological-disorders/migraine/), fibromyalgia and arthritis can cause you to lose interest in food. 

__Diabetes__

People with poorly controlled diabetes may lose their appetite due to a condition called gastroparesis, where food moves too slowly through the digestive tract due to damaged nerves. 

__Digestive conditions__

‘Conditions that affect the gut, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or [irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)](/medical-advice/digestive-problems/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/), can affect our appetite through symptoms that make us less inclined to eat – including abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhoea and gut spasms,’ explains Dr McClymont. 

### 3. Age

As we age, our appetite changes. It’s estimated that up to [30% of older people experience a reduction in appetite](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4589891/) and eat less food, leading to weight loss and nutritional deficiencies. One study found that [older people have higher levels of the hormone peptide YY](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27264721/), which makes them feel full. 

You can also experience a reduced appetite as a result of illnesses like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease or other conditions, including dental and swallowing problems. Lack of exercise, feeling lonely or [socially isolated](/your-health/how-does-social-isolation-impact-your-mental-health/) or an inability to prepare meals can also cause a reduced appetite. 

### 4. Psychological factors 

Mental health conditions can have a significant impact on your appetite. People experiencing [depression](/your-health/depression-spot-the-signs/) often lose interest in food, and our appetite tends to decrease when we’re feeling anxious or [stressed](/your-health/physical-signs-of-stress-on-the-body/) or as a consequence of life events like a relationship break-up or the death of a loved one.

‘During stressful events, your brain releases the “fight-or-flight” hormone, adrenaline, which slows down your digestive system,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘Depression triggers the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone, which also curbs your appetite.’ 

### 5. Medication

Certain medicines can cause a decreased appetite as a side effect, including opioid painkillers, antidepressants, antibiotics, medication for type 2 diabetes.

Cancer treatments can also cause appetite loss, with around 60% of people diagnosed with cancer experience a loss of appetite. Treatments such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy can cause taste changes and symptoms such as nausea, which is a common side-effect of chemotherapy, can aggravate this further.

‘If you feel one of your medications is causing a change to your appetite, it’s always best to raise this with a doctor. There may be a suitable alternative you can try,’ advises Dr McClymont.

### 6. An underactive thyroid

If you have an [underactive thyroid](/your-health/thyroid-symptoms-overactive-underactive/), also known as hypothyroidism, your thyroid gland is not producing enough hormones. This causes many of the body’s functions to slow down, which can result in a loss of appetite. Other symptoms include weight gain, tiredness and depression. 

If a doctor thinks you have an underactive thyroid, they can check the level of thyroid hormones in your body by doing a blood test. 

### 7. Anorexia nervosa

‘[Anorexia nervosa](/medical-advice/mental-health/anorexia-nervosa/) is an eating disorder and serious mental health condition characterised by a desire to keep your body weight as low as possible by restricting food intake, over-exercising or both,’ says Dr McClymont. This condition can also lead to a reduction in appetite.

‘People who suffer from this often have a distorted and negative body image. It requires specialist medical treatment and can be life-threatening in severe cases.’ 

### 8. Alcohol dependence 

Drinking too much [alcohol](/your-health/6-health-benefits-of-drinking-less/) has numerous physical signs, including having a sore or upset stomach, a yellow skin tone and feeling numbness and tingling in your feet and hands. It can also have a big impact on appetite – and you may lose all interest in food as your focus shifts to alcohol. 

If you’re finding moderating alcohol difficult, speak to a doctor who can recommend further support. 

## Are there other symptoms that can impact appetite loss? 

Although losing your appetite and skipping meals has many different causes, it may also be a direct result of other symptoms, including: 

### 1. Loss of taste 

[Covid-19](/medical-advice/infections/coronavirus/) affects our appetite in the same way as other viruses – but one of its main symptoms, the loss of smell or taste, can also affect our appetite. One study found that 87% of respondents who experienced a loss of smell or taste from Covid-19 experienced [a reduced enjoyment of food. ](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196070921001022)

### 2. Nausea 

‘Pregnancy is a common cause of appetite loss, primarily due to nausea,’ explains Dr McClymont. ‘The term “morning sickness” can occur any time of day and is particularly common in the first trimester. 

‘Hyperemesis gravidarum is an extreme form of pregnancy nausea and vomiting, which can lead to dehydration and weight loss. If this is affecting you, it’s important to discuss it with a doctor or midwife because it generally needs treatment with anti-sickness medications and may require hospital admission for fluid rehydration.’

### 3. Fatigue

If you’re experiencing fatigue as a result of another condition, it may make you feel less inclined to cook or eat food. ‘Loss of appetite and tiredness are symptoms of other conditions. Often, a loss of appetite will naturally lower your energy reserves, leading to tiredness,’ says Dr McClymont. 

## When should I speak to a doctor? 

Appetite loss can have a broad range of causes, but it’s important to speak to a doctor if you notice any other symptoms alongside a loss of appetite, including:

- Stomach pain
- A change to your normal bowel pattern 
- Problems swallowing
- Unintentional weight loss
- New indigestion

‘If you experience appetite loss that’s persistent and doesn’t seem to be related to a simple explanation, such as a cold or flu virus, speak to a doctor,’ says Dr McClymont. 

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry__


See a GP about a loss of appetite

ivi.co.uk > Your health > 8 causes that could explain your loss of appetite

2100x1200 apetit loss

How does our appetite work? And what causes a loss of appetite? Read our doctor’s guide to understand appetite loss.

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8 causes that could explain your loss of appetite | Kry UK

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8 causes that could explain your loss of appetite

Struggling with an autumn cold? You’re not the only one. With most Covid-19 restrictions lifted, coughs, colds and flu are back – and many of us are experiencing symptoms that feel worse than usual.

Last winter, the pandemic restrictions didn’t just protect us from Covid-19 – they were also effective against common respiratory viruses, including those that cause colds and flu. 

Kry GPs Dr Anam Ashraf and Dr Rhianna McClymont share their advice on how to prepare for a potential post-lockdown rise this year.

## What exactly is seasonal flu? 

Influenza, more commonly known as flu, is a seasonal respiratory illness with lots of different strains. Like Covid-19, it’s spread through the droplets produced when we cough and sneeze, and these can spread easily indoors and in warm environments with poor ventilation. 

Flu is known as a seasonal infection because it spreads most commonly from December to March, sometimes leading to outbreaks.

How does flu evolve from one season to another?
When you catch a cold or flu, your immune system makes antibodies that recognise and bind to the virus. That means you’re better prepared to fight off the virus if you encounter it again. 

‘The influenza virus mutates frequently. When it mutates, the existing antibodies the human body has to fight it are no longer able to bind to the virus and neutralise it,’ explains Dr Rhianna McClymont. 

‘This means that each flu season, the immune system has to recognise and produce antibodies for a new strain of influenza.’

## How has Covid-19 affected this year’s cold and flu season?

‘Flu is one to watch out for this year,’ says Dr Anam Ashraf. ‘While we’ve all been focused on stopping the spread of Covid-19, our immune systems haven’t been exposed to the usual mix of infections they would normally have to contend with, and it’s likely that fewer people have natural immunity this year.’ 

Even then, flu can be unpredictable. ‘Herd immunity is when a large portion of a population becomes immune to a disease, and this rarely happens with the flu virus as it’s constantly mutating and changing,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘It’s impossible to predict what this year’s flu season would have looked like independent of last year.’

## Why are some people feeling like they’ve caught the ‘worst cold ever’?

There were fewer respiratory viruses circulating last year due to the effectiveness of social restrictions.

More social mixing means more of us will catch colds this year – but why do the symptoms feel more severe than usual? ‘Many people may have simply forgotten how rough the common cold can make you feel,’ says Dr McClymont.

It’s also possible that some of us have been infected more than once. ‘There are lots of different strains of cold, and it’s not uncommon to contract two colds in a very short period or to contract the second just as you’re recovering from the first.’

## Could there be a ‘twindemic’ of flu and Covid-19 at the same time? 

‘This is quite likely over the winter months when colds and flu spread rapidly,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘It’s important to have your Covid-19 vaccine and, if you’re eligible, your flu vaccine, to protect yourself as much as possible.’

How do I know if I’ve caught a common cold or flu?
Dr Ashraf explains that it’s sometimes difficult to know if you have the common cold or the flu virus because the symptoms can be very similar. 

The main difference to look out for is how quickly your symptoms develop. Symptoms of flu appear abruptly, around 2 days after your body has come into contact with the infection. They include a fever and muscle aches and can make you feel too unwell to carry on with your usual activities. Some people may need to be off work or school and rest at home. 

[Cold symptoms](/medical-advice/infections/common-cold/), caused by a different virus, come on more gradually and are milder. This means that most people often feel well enough to carry on with their daily activities and don’t need to rest at home. Cold symptoms are mostly related to a runny nose and sore throat.

## The most common symptoms of cold versus flu

![Cold or flu chart](//images.contentful.com/h8qzhh7m9m8u/T2ic7Fom3rXKMNYWyltuC/610706b235dcaa703d4f51160b60e16d/3001x2918_-_chart_cold_and_flu.jpg)

*Sources:
Eccles, R. Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza. The Lancet Infectious Disease. 2005 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cold versus flu. 2021.*

## What’s the best way to treat flu?

The best treatment for flu is rest. This may mean taking time off work or school and taking time out from your hobbies and social activities. Drink plenty of fluids to make sure your body is well-hydrated, and try to stay cosy and warm.

You can use over-the-counter medications like paracetamol and ibuprofen to help with fever and pain. 

Most people will feel better in about a week, but some people can develop complications from flu. These can include bacterial infections like pneumonia or a worsening of another existing lung condition, like asthma or COPD. For pregnant women, flu can be especially harmful to the mother and baby.

You should always speak to a GP if you’re concerned about your symptoms or if:

- You’re over 65
- You’re pregnant
- Your symptoms aren’t improving after one week
- You have a long-term health condition, such as lung disease, heart problems, kidney disease or problems with your nervous system
- Your immune system is weaker due to medication, chemotherapy or HIV

If you start to experience chest pain, have difficulty breathing or are coughing up blood, it’s best to go to A&E or ring 999.

## What can I do to prevent colds and flu this winter?

### 1. Get the flu vaccine
One of the best ways to protect yourself from flu is to get the vaccine. ‘Given the low levels of immunity in the community due to pandemic lockdowns, it’s even more important to get the flu vaccine,’ says Dr Ashraf.

‘All eligible people will be contacted by their GP to have the flu vaccine this year. The flu vaccine can help reduce your chances of getting flu, and although it can’t protect you from every type, it does protect you against the most common strains. If you do catch the flu after having the vaccine, your symptoms will be milder and you’re less likely to suffer complications.’

If you’re eligible for the flu vaccine, look out for a message from your GP inviting you to have your jab. 

### 2. Keep up good hygiene
Because of the pandemic, we’ve all become more aware of the importance of hygiene to prevent the spread of infections. ‘Virus droplets can be transmitted through hand-to-hand contact if you have coughed and covered your mouth, or they can be picked up from surfaces that an infected person has touched,’ says Dr McClymont. 

These hygiene habits work well for preventing cold and flu:

- Clean surfaces that are regularly touched, like door handles, phones and keyboards
- Wash your hands frequently with soap and water 
- Use a tissue to cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze
- Throw away used tissues in a bin immediately after using them

### 3. Wear a mask
Masks help cut down on the spread of colds and flu, as well as Covid-19. ‘Colds and flu spread through respiratory droplets, so if an infected person coughs or sneezes without wearing a mask, they’re more likely to spread these droplets further and infect other people,’ says Dr McClymont.

## What can parents or guardians do to help prevent colds and flu?

Just like adults, children were protected from infections last year, so this year might feel worse in comparison. ‘It’s quite normal for children to have several cold and respiratory virus infections each year, so this should be expected,’ says Dr McClymont. 

You can reduce the spread of viruses at school and at home by encouraging frequent hand washing and throwing away tissues after sneezing. Though it can be tough, it’s best for your children to stay at home when they’re unwell. 

## Worried about colds and flu? It’s a good idea to book an appointment to see a GP if:

- Your symptoms still aren’t better after 3 weeks
- You suddenly feel worse
- You have a very high temperature or feel hot and shivery
- You’re worried about your child’s symptoms
- You feel breathless or have chest pain

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry__

See a GP about flu and cold symptoms

kry.co.uk > Your health > Colds and flu – How to prepare for a post-lockdown rise

How to prepare for a post-lockdown spike in colds and flu

After 18 months of social restrictions, there’s likely to be a greater circulation of common viral infections this winter. Dr Anam Ashraf explains what you can do to prevent them

How to prepare for a post-lockdown rise in colds and flu | Kry UK

Colds and flu – How to prepare for a post-lockdown rise

Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders in children. 

‘A lot of children experience separation anxiety when they say goodbye to their parents or other close relatives,’ says Martin Forster, Kry psychologist. ‘If that anxiety becomes so strong or persistent that it impacts your child’s everyday life, it’s known as SAD – a disorder that affects around 5% of children.’

## What causes separation anxiety, and at what age is it most likely to arise?

Traumatic childhood events or genetic factors can contribute to separation anxiety. 

‘We know that children who experience a higher level of anxiety early on can trigger a parent’s protective instincts,’ explains Forster. ‘This is natural and understandable, but it can sometimes do more harm than good. When parents become overprotective, they may inadvertently take away opportunities for their child to overcome the anxiety.

‘For a long time, SAD was thought of as a condition only affecting children, but that perception has changed in recent years. Research has shown that people of all ages can develop SAD, but it’s still most common in childhood – mostly in kids around 5-10 years old.’ 

## Could the pandemic have triggered separation anxiety?

‘For children prone to separation anxiety who have spent an unusual amount of time with their parents during the pandemic, going back to normal can be tough,’ suggests Forster. 

On top of this, the pressure of lockdowns and other pandemic restrictions can exacerbate other triggers of SAD, like conflicts at home and troubled relationships in families.

If your child’s anxiety appears more specifically related to Covid-19 and the pandemic, [read our guide on how to calm their fears.](/your-health/how-to-calm-your-childrens-anxiety-about-coronavirus/) 

## What are the symptoms of separation anxiety, and how do I know if my child’s SAD is normal?

It’s no surprise that most young children experience some kind of [anxiety](/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/) when saying goodbye to their parents. 

‘It’s a normal reaction during the first few years of a child’s life, and most kids grow out of it,’ says Forster. ‘It’s when the anxiety prevents a child from doing things their peers are able to do, or if it takes up a lot of time and energy, that you should consider taking action.’

Look out for these signs and symptoms:

- Anxiety when saying goodbye, for instance when being dropped off at nursery or school
- Worry that something might happen to their parents so that they never come back
- Worry about being abandoned or left behind somewhere
- Repeatedly waking up at night and a strong desire to sleep in their parents’ room 
- Constant efforts to control where their parents are
- Fear of being at home alone
- Fear of spending the night away from home

Sometimes, recurring nightmares about separation can also be a symptom of SAD. If your child is suffering from nightmares, [here’s some advice on what to do.](/your-health/children-and-nightmares-advice-from-a-child-psychologist/)

## How can I help my child overcome separation anxiety?

### - Practise alone time

The most effective tool against separation anxiety is to have your child regularly practise being on their own. 

‘It’s important that you start small and build up gradually,’ says Forster. ‘If your child won’t even let you go upstairs, that might be a good first step – even just for 2 minutes in the beginning. For children who don’t dare to sleep in their own bed, a mattress on the floor next to you could be a good start.’

### - Be wary of overprotecting your child

‘Parents of children with separation anxiety sometimes underestimate their child’s abilities and tend to overprotect them – perhaps they stay at another child’s birthday party rather than dropping their child off, or they go to collect them as soon as they start to feel anxious,’ says Forster. ‘Although it’s well-intended, this means they’re never challenged.’ 

### - Consider if your routines are helping – or making things worse

Routines are often good, says Forster, since all children benefit from stability. ‘However, for some children with an excessive need for predictability, it can be good to practise changing routines, especially as life is never 100% predictable.’

### - Avoid ‘rubber-band goodbyes’

Keep goodbyes short and sweet. ‘A typical challenge is the nursery or school drop-off,’ says Forster. ‘I recommend waiting for a good opportunity before leaving, like when a teacher is clearly ready to step in or your child has started to play with something.’ 

It’s not always easy, but once you say goodbye, commit to it – even if your child is upset. ‘Avoid “rubber-band goodbyes” where you leave, come back and then leave again,’ adds Forster. ‘They’re generally more painful for the child.’

### - Keep teachers and carers informed

Starting a dialogue with the teachers is a good idea. ‘Good communication with teachers means they can be prepared and support your child,’ says Forster. ‘For your own sake, you can call the school after a while to check how things went after the goodbye.’

### - Accept that progress takes time 

Make changes gradually, together with your child. All of the above should be done in a way that’s gradual, sensitive to the child’s feelings and with your child in clear agreement. ‘If children are forced to be alone or left alone without warning, it’ll likely compound the problems,’ explains Forster.

### - Add fun and a playful approach

‘Make each step into a playful game, and don’t forget to celebrate the progress you make together,’ adds Forster. 

## When should I seek professional help?

SAD can sometimes act as a gateway anxiety disorder. If it’s not treated, it can lead to a range of both mental and physical difficulties, so getting your child the help they need is important.

If your child is anxious or sad for long periods of time at nursery or in school, or if they can’t play with their friends or participate in activities with their peers, it’s a good idea to get professional help from a doctor who can refer to a psychologist if needed.

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kry.co.uk > Your Health > How to manage your child’s separation anxiety – a therapist’s guide

2100x1200 How to manage your child’s separation anxiety – a therapist’s guide

What causes separation anxiety in children, and how can you help your child overcome it? Get expert advice from a Kry child psychologist

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Mental health

How to manage your child’s separation anxiety – a therapist’s guide

Premature ejaculation is a common sexual problem and while occasional experiences are not a cause for concern, it can put a strain on your sex life and relationships. 

Ejaculation is controlled by the central nervous system and it usually occurs simultaneously with the male orgasm. Premature ejactulation is when you ejaculate too quickly during sex, while some men orgasm before ejaculation or experience a climax without actually ejaculating semen.

## So, what exactly is premature ejaculation?

On average, men ejaculate after 5 minutes of sexual intercourse. But everyone is different, so this can range from less than 1 minute to more than 30 minutes. Occasionally ejaculating too early is common and absolutely nothing to worry about.

A medical diagnosis of premature ejaculation is determined if early ejaculation becomes problematic, for instance if ejaculation always occurs very early on for you – even before penetration or immediately after.

Often, the cause for premature ejaculation is about [low self-esteem](/your-health/how-can-i-build-my-self-esteem/), since sex come somtimes come with a high level of pressure to perform. The associated stress can make the problem even worse, and can result in avoidance behaviour and cause other symptoms like [erectile dysfunction](/medical-advice/urology/erectile-dysfunction/). 

## How many men are affected by premature ejaculation?

It’s estimated that around 20% of men are affected by premature ejaculation, with far fewer men experiencing the problem speaking to a doctor. It’s therefore assumed that about 4% of men have little or no control over ejaculation and experience [stress](/medical-advice/mental-health/stress/) as a result. 

## Who does it affect most?

Premature ejaculation can occur at any age, from puberty onwards. The initial symptoms often happen when you have your first sexual experiences, and they can reoccur or continue in later life and with different partners.

## What are the key causes of premature ejaculation?

Premature ejaculations can be primary (life-long) or secondary (acquired). Those affected by primary premature ejaculation will experience it during their first sexual activities, whereas acquired premature ejaculation can develop over the course of your life. 

### Possible causes of premature ejaculation include:

- Mental health problems
- Stress and [depression](/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/) – relationship problems or unrealistic ideas of sexual performance can further contribute 
- Physical disorders 
- Premature ejaculation may occur as a symptom of various underlying problems, like prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland), erectile dysfunction or [thyroid issues](/your-health/thyroid-symptoms-overactive-underactive/). 

## What can help with premature ejaculation?

If the issue is troubling you and your partner, try to address it in your relationship. Having open, honest conversations means you can work through it together. Remember that sex can be fulfilling for both partners, even with premature ejaculation.

These methods may also help:

### - The stop-start method
  Just as it sounds, this method means deliberately pausing during intercourse to delay ejaculation. This requires some practice but by doing so, you can learn to pay more attention to how you react sexually and to recognise the point at which ejaculation becomes inevitable. 
### - Pelvic floor training
  You can train the pelvic floor muscle, just like the biceps and abdominals. In the case of premature ejaculation, pelvic floor exercises can help with better bodily control. You’ll find some tips on [pelvic floor training here](/your-health/how-to-exercise-weak-pelvic-floor-muscles/).
### - Use a condom
  A condom can reduce the sensitivity of the penis, helping to delay ejaculation during sex. There are even special condoms containing gels that have a slight numbing effect.
### - Try again
Some people benefit from a ‘second round’ of sex, after the initial early ejaculation. Once ejaculation has happened, the level of sensitivity decreases, so sex can last longer the second time around. Masturbating an hour before intercourse can also be helpful.

## When should I see a doctor about premature ejaculation?

If it continues to bother you or becomes a problem in your relationship, you could speak to a doctor. In most cases, premature ejaculation is easily treated. 

The doctor will ask you if you’ve always experienced premature ejaculation (primary) or whether it’s developed over time (secondary). A blood or urine test may also be performed to rule out underlying causes such as prostatitis.  

## Can I get premature ejaculation treatment in the UK?

If it can’t be treated by different stimulation techniques, like the stop-start method, seeking advice from a urologist may be helpful. 

There are different therapeutic approaches – including a drug treatment. However, they can also have unpleasant side effects like nausea and dizziness. Such premature ejaculation drugs should only be used as a last resort and only after a medical consultation. 


kry.co.uk > See a GP about premature ejaculation

See a GP about premature ejaculation

kry.co.uk > Your Health > What causes premature ejaculation – and what can help?

Premature ejaculation

Meta description: Premature ejaculation can put a strain on sex life and relationships. Read our expert advice on managing and treating premature ejaculation. 

kry.co.uk > Your health > What causes premature ejaculation – and what can help?

What causes premature ejaculation? | Kry UK

Men Health

Men's Health

What causes premature ejaculation – and what can help?

With government plans to add folic acid to supermarket products like non-wholemeal wheat flour, Dr Christina Papadopolous, answers some of the most common questions about folic acid, and why it’s particularly important for women who are either pregnant or trying to conceive. 

## What is folic acid and what is it used for?

‘Folic acid is needed to form red blood cells and occurs naturally as folate, in certain foods. It can be used to treat or prevent a type of anaemia, as well as being vital for the healthy development of a baby’s brain, skull and spinal cord during pregnancy, preventing neural tube defects like spina bifida,’ says Dr Papadaopolous.

‘It’s also used to reduce side effects from a medication called methotrexate, used to treat certain types of inflammatory arthritis, Crohn’s disease or psoriasis.’

## How can I eat more folic acid in my diet?

Many foods are rich in folate, particularly broccoli and other green vegetables like cabbage, kale and spinach. As folic acid cannot be stored in the body, it’s important to make it part of your daily diet. 

It’s also easily lost in cooking, especially if food is boiled or overcooked – and this is why some foods like breakfast cereals are fortified with folic acid along with other vitamins.

## What happens if you are deficient?

Folic acid is needed for red blood cells to carry oxygen, and so if you’re deficient, it can lead to a condition called large cell anaemia. Folic acid is also essential to the formation of DNA, which allows your body’s cells to replicate. Symptoms of deficiency usually develop slowly, and become worse if left untreated.

These symptoms can include weakness, pins and needles, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, loss of appetite and weight loss, as well as heart palpitations and headaches.

## Why is folic acid important for maternal and infant health?

‘Folic acid is essential for the healthy development of the foetus. During pregnancy, your folic acid requirements are greater, and so it’s difficult to achieve this from the food in your diet alone,’ explains Dr Christina Papadaopolous.

‘This is why a folic acid supplement is recommended -  you should take a 400mcg folic acid tablet every day when you begin trying for a baby and until you’re at least 12 weeks pregnant.’

If you’re at an increased risk of your pregnancy being affected by neural tube defects, you should speak to a doctor who may advise you to take a higher dose.

## If I don’t eat flour or fortified products, should I be worried?

Folic acid is found in a wide variety of foods, and if you eat a balanced diet, with plenty of green vegetables, you should be getting enough naturally. Be mindful of not overcooking vegetables, and try steaming them instead of boiling.

The following foods provide a good source of folic acid:

Spinach, kale, brussels sprouts, cabbage, broccoli 
Beans and legumes 
Yeast and beef extracts 
Oranges and orange juice 
Wheat bran and other wholegrain foods 
Poultry, pork, shellfish and liver

## Is folic acid suitable for everyone?

Most adults can take folic acid, but like any vitamin supplement, it’s not suitable for everyone. Speak to a doctor before taking folic acid, if any of the following apply to you.

- You’ve had a previous allergic reaction to folic acid of any other medicine
- You have a vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia or pernicious anaemia
- You have cancer
- You’re having kidney dialysis 
- You have a stent in your heart


kry.co.uk > Speak to a GP about folic acid > CTA

Speak to a GP about folic acid

Livi.co.uk > Your health > Why folic acid is so vital for maternal health

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All you need to know about the benefits of folic acid for pregnant women and women trying to conceive

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The importance of folic acid for maternal health | Kry UK

Why folic acid is so vital for maternal health

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