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Health information, articles, news and advice for NHS patients.

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Your health | KRY

Coughs, sore throats, runny noses – flu, a cold or Covid-19 could all be to blame. As social distancing restrictions let up, more of us are coming down with these viruses, but it can be difficult to know which one we’ve caught. 

## What causes a cold and Covid-19?

Colds and Covid-19 are both viral infections. Lots of different viruses can cause the common cold, but rhinoviruses are the most common culprits, responsible for up to half of all infections. 

SARS-CoV-2, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is the virus behind the Covid-19 pandemic. While it’s just one virus, it’s also evolved into different variants found around the world.

## What causes the flu?

Influenza, more commonly known as the flu, is caused by the influenza virus. In humans, influenza viruses are divided into 3 types (A, B and C), with many different strains that constantly evolve. 

## How do I know if I have the flu, a cold or Covid-19?

While cold, flu and Covid-19 all have different causes, there’s still a lot of crossover between symptoms. None of them have a defined set of symptoms. The illnesses can all differ in severity, length and symptoms from person to person. 
While everyone’s different, here are the most common symptoms for each illness: 

![Screenshot 2021-11-23 at 23.06.35](//images.contentful.com/h8qzhh7m9m8u/A4L3NGQy0Sr9bzi1nUo9E/dd77a5c448a077d59e41c01935e3ac92/Screenshot_2021-11-23_at_23.06.35.png)

Sources: WHO, BMJ, The Lancet, Frontiers in Public Health

Given the overlap between these illnesses, Covid-19 can’t be diagnosed or ruled out through symptoms alone. If you have any of the key Covid-19 symptoms, even if they’re mild, it’s important to book a Covid-19 test. 

## How can I protect myself from colds, flu and Covid-19?

### Get vaccinated
Getting vaccinated against both Covid-19 and the flu is the best way to protect yourself and those around you against these viruses. The best time to get your flu jab is in the autumn or early winter, but you can still get it later on.

### Prioritise hygiene 
Covid-19, flu and colds all spread through airborne droplets, but you can also catch them by touching something with the virus on it, then touching your face. Wipe down surfaces often, wash your hands frequently and cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. 

### Wear your mask
Masks don’t just protect against Covid-19 – they keep colds and flu from spreading too. 

## When should I speak to a doctor?

If you’ve come down with something and you’re concerned about your symptoms, a doctor can help to identify whether it might be flu, a cold or Covid-19. 

It’s a good idea to [book an appointment to see a doctor](/gp-appointments-online/) if:

Your symptoms still aren’t better after 3 weeks
You suddenly feel worse
You have a very high temperature or feel hot and shivery
You’re worried about your child’s symptoms
You feel breathless or have chest pain

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry__


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See a GP about your symptoms

kry.co.uk > Your health > cold-or-covid

2100x1200 Flu-Covid-Cold

Colds, flu and Covid-19 all have similar symptoms, such as coughs, sore throats and runny noses – here’s how to tell these respiratory illnesses apart

Kry.co.uk > You health > Is it a cold or Covid-19?

Is it a cold or Covid? How to tell the difference

kry.co.uk > medical reviewer

IMG 20200730 224911 865-33- 1 .jpg

Dr Rhianna McClymont

Lead GP at Kry

General health

General health and seasonal

Is it a cold or Covid-19?

More of us are considering adding vitamin supplements to our diet, but vitamin deficiencies are actually quite rare. ‘Healthy adults who eat a varied, balanced diet and get a little bit of sunshine every day usually get all the vitamins and minerals they need,’ says Dr Céline Guyomar, a Kry medical doctor. 

‘Keeping your diet varied is important, as no one type of food guarantees that you get enough of everything.’

If you suspect that you might need vitamin supplements, talk to a doctor first. ‘There are risks involved, particularly for children, and some supplements can interact with other medications,’ says Dr Guyomar.

## What are vitamins and minerals, and why do we need them?

‘Vitamins and minerals belong to the micronutrient family and are essential for the body to function well,’ says Dr Guyomar. ‘They have a role to play in the nervous, immune and muscular systems as well as in vision, growth and more.’

The body needs 13 different types of vitamins as well as a number of minerals and trace elements. The vitamins include:

Vitamins A, C, D E and K 
B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, B6, B12 and folate)

‘Our bodies don’t create vitamins – with the exception of vitamin D, which we produce from the UV rays of the sun, and vitamin K, produced by bacteria in the body – so, we have to get them through food,’ says Dr Guyomar.

![Vitamins and minerals](//images.contentful.com/h8qzhh7m9m8u/6v8vrNAdDstASDmyaVVx09/2da10c793b4cc8daf2f494c814f498e1/Vitamins_and_minerals.jpg)

## What are the signs of a vitamin deficiency?

The symptoms of a deficiency largely depend on the type of vitamin and how severe your deficiency is. ‘Symptoms will develop more quickly if you become deficient in the kinds of vitamins the body can’t store as easily, like vitamin C or folic acid,’ says Dr Guyomar.

General vitamin deficiency symptoms include:

- Tiredness
- Being prone to infections
- Headaches
- Bleeding gums
- Very dry skin and cracked lips 
- Brittle hair and nails
- A swollen and inflamed tongue
- Digestive disorders like diarrhoea

## Do I need to take vitamin supplements in the winter?

‘Taking vitamin D supplements in winter is definitely a good idea,’ says Dr Guyomar. This is because the reduced sunlight during winter increases our risk of vitamin D deficiency.

Many parents choose to give their children vitamins to [boost their immunity](/your-health/how-to-boost-childrens-immunity-this-winter-7-tips/) in the winter, and some studies have shown that [vitamin C may help defend](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409678/) against and fight viral and bacterial infections. 

## What vitamin supplements should I take?
It’s good to be aware of these different types of vitamin and mineral supplements:

### Vitamin D

__Who should take it?__ Everyone, including children, those over the age of 80, people with dark skin and anyone whose exposure to the sun is limited

__When?__ Daily, or a high dose every 2 or 3 months, from November to April

Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption, which helps keep your bones healthy. ‘It also plays a key role in supporting your immune system,’ says Dr Guyomar. 

The amount and strength of the sun in the winter months isn’t enough to produce all the vitamin D we need. It’s also very hard to get it from our diet alone. So, the advice is that everyone takes at least 10 mcg (400 IU) daily during winter.

![Vitamins D](//images.contentful.com/h8qzhh7m9m8u/2hBFxStJL96Ai3QmFWQKDv/f5237e65e04496f6edd8ac6517c7b730/Vitamins_D.jpg)

[Source](https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/)

### Vitamin A, C and E

__Who should take it?__ Children and people recommended by a doctor to take a supplement

__When?__ As per a doctor’s recommendation, but usually for no more than 3 months

__- Vitamin A__
‘Vitamin A is needed to regulate vision and allow our genes to convert DNA into useful products like protein,’ says Dr Guyomar. ‘The first sign of a vitamin A deficiency is that it takes longer for your vision to adapt at night.’

__- Vitamin C__
‘Vitamin C is essential,’ says Dr Guyomar. ‘It helps fight infection, helps with the absorption of iron and calcium, and generally helps protect the body’s cells and heal wounds. Consuming foods high in vitamin C, like avocado, citrus fruits and potatoes with the skin on, daily is usually enough. Store them in the fridge and eat them raw or steamed, as vitamin C is sensitive to light, heat and air.’

__- Vitamin E__
Vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant, is found in seeds and oils, and deficiency is extremely rare.

These vitamins are often part of children’s multi-vitamins. They’re given as a precaution to make sure that growing children – especially those who are fussy eaters or don’t get a varied diet – receive all the vitamins they need.

### Vitamin K

__Who should take it?__ Babies

__When?__ At different times throughout development
Babies are born with insufficient levels of vitamin K, which is necessary for blood clotting. That’s why newborns are given vitamin K at birth, on day 4 of their lives, and when they’re 1 month old if they’re not formula-fed.

### Folate and folic acid 

__Who?__ Pregnant people and people trying to conceive

__When?__ Daily
Folic acid is one of the [key pregnancy vitamins](/your-health/why-folic-acid-is-so-vital-for-maternal-health/). ‘Folic acid is involved in cell division and very important in the prevention of neural tube defects, which is why people who want to get pregnant and those in early pregnancy should take a supplement,’ explains Dr Guyomar. 

Taking folic acid in the period before conception has been shown to [reduce neural tube defects in babies by up to 70%.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26662928/) 

### Vitamin B12

__Who should take it?__ Vegans, vegetarians and people who suffer from Biermer’s disease, intestinal disease or have a known deficiency

__When?__ Daily or monthly, depending on a doctor’s advice

‘Vitamin B12 is necessary for the production of red blood cells, for cell multiplication and for the proper functioning of the nerves,’ says Dr Guyomar. It can only be found naturally in animal foods, which is why vegans and vegetarians are at a higher risk of deficiency.

## What about minerals and other supplements?

‘Minerals, or trace elements, are also key micronutrients. Like vitamins, you get them through food, and they play an important role in all the body’s functions,’ says Dr Guyomar.

All minerals are important, but deficiencies are more common in these:

### Magnesium

‘Magnesium is involved in muscle energy intake, so it’s important for anyone who’s very active,’ says Dr Guyomar. ‘But it’s also used in all other energy-consuming operations of the body, including the reproduction and repair of our cells, the functioning of our organs, stress management and heat regulation.’

Certain alcoholic or caffeinated drinks can decrease its absorption, so it’s wise to keep these to a minimum. 

### Iron

‘Iron helps your red blood cells transport oxygen to your cells and is important for the development of the central nervous system in infants,’ says Dr Guyomar. 
[Iron deficiency ](/your-health/a-doctors-guide-to-iron-deficiency-symptoms-causes/)is common, especially in women around childbearing age and those with heavy periods. Vegans and vegetarians, children aged 6 months to 4 years, and people with health conditions that involve loss of blood are also at higher risk.

### Calcium

‘Calcium is central to our bone health and plays a role in muscle contraction,’ Dr Guyomar explains. ‘It’s particularly essential during childhood and adolescence as our bones grow, as well as from around the age of 50 in women and the age of 60 in men.’

## When do I need to speak to a doctor about deficiencies and vitamin supplements?

Talk to a doctor about vitamins and supplements if you: 

- Are thinking about supplementing your diet with added vitamins or minerals 
- Are pregnant or trying to conceive
- Think you’re experiencing vitamin deficiency symptoms, like anaemia, very dry skin or hair loss

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Céline Guyomar, a medical doctor at Kry__

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Are vitamin and mineral supplements beneficial for our health? Our doctor’s guide on the key vitamins our body needs will help

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It’s common to experience low mood at certain times of the year. ‘For most people, winter feels like life slows down, and for others, summer can bring up negative feelings,’ says Madeleine Gauffin, Kry Psychologist. 

But if low mood seriously affects your day-to-day life and returns at a similar time every year, it could be caused by seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

‘There isn’t a distinct line between mild seasonal mood changes and seasonal depression, but doctors usually diagnose SAD syndrome when symptoms are severe and come back for at least 2 years,’ says Gauffin.

## What is SAD, and is it the same as depression?

SAD is a type of [depression](/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/), but the difference is that symptoms appear during certain seasons or times of the year. Like depression, SAD is common and is thought to affect [up to 8% of people](https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/27/suppl_3/ckx189.178/4556960?login=true) in Europe. 

‘Depression can be a response to difficult circumstances, whereas SAD comes and goes with the seasons, no matter what’s going on in your life,’ says Gauffin.

Most people’s symptoms come in winter, so SAD is sometimes called winter depression. But some people have seasonal depression that comes in summer and goes away in winter.

## What is summer SAD? 

Summer depression is a less common form of SAD where symptoms appear during spring or summer. 

‘Summer seasonal depression can relate to social pressures,’ says Gauffin. ‘We’re expected to be more sociable, and wearing fewer layers may bring up body image issues, triggering low mood.’ Longer days with more sunlight can also disrupt your sleep-wake cycle.

## What are the symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (SAD)? 

SAD symptoms are similar to [depression symptoms](/your-health/depression-spot-the-signs/) and include:

- Low mood that lasts a long time 
- Crying or feeling tearful regularly
- Not enjoying the things you used to
- Difficulty concentrating 
- Feeling easily annoyed
- Tiredness that doesn’t go away after sleep 
- Reduced sex drive
- Suicidal feelings

You might also have other symptoms, depending on whether you have winter or summer SAD. 

## Winter depression symptoms also include:

- Sleeping more than normal and finding it difficult to wake up 
- Craving carbohydrates and sugary foods
- Symptoms that start in autumn/winter and get better in spring/summer 

## Summer depression symptoms also include: 

- Difficulty sleeping 
- Feeling less hungry than normal 
- Symptoms that start in spring/summer and get better in autumn/winter

## Who can be affected by seasonal depression? 

Anyone can have SAD, although some people may be more susceptible than others.

‘There is a genetic link in seasonal depression, so you may be more likely to experience it if your parents have it, for example,’ says Gauffin. ‘Another factor is having a [mental health](/your-health/mental-health/) condition that makes you more sensitive to mood changes.’

Depression can affect men and women differently, and research suggests that [women may be more likely](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032721010107?via%3Dihub) to experience SAD. But men can also be affected, and their [symptoms of depression](/your-health/signs-of-depression-in-men/) can be slightly different. 

## What causes SAD? 

We don’t fully understand what causes SAD, but sunlight and your internal body clock may have something to do with it. 

‘We know that light affects our body clock and the production of certain mood-related hormones, which is why people living in countries with darker, longer winters tend to have more severe symptoms of SAD,’ says Gauffin.

[Light stimulates the hypothalamus](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6751071/), the part of your brain that controls your circadian rhythm. This keeps us in sync with the 24-hour day so that our bodies know when to rest and when to wake up.

When the amount of light around you changes, the hypothalamus adjusts the phase of the circadian rhythm you’re in. This sends signals to your body that cause you to produce different amounts of key hormones:

### Serotonin – 
levels of this ‘feel-good’ hormone may go down, which can affect your mood. One small study also found that, in winter, people with SAD have [more serotonin transporters](https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/139/5/1605/2468755?login=true), which could lead to lower levels of serotonin. 

### Melatonin – 
people with SAD may produce more melatonin, a hormone that makes you feel sleepy. 

People with SAD may also have differences in their internal body clock that affects their sleep-wake cycle. SAD has been linked to a sleeping problem called [delayed sleep phase syndrome](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163003/), which is when you fall asleep and wake up later than other people.

## What can help me with SAD? 

[Self-help tools](/your-health/help-for-depression-7-daily-tools-to-improve-your-mood/) can be useful, particularly to ease mild symptoms of SAD. 

### Get more daylight 
‘Even if it’s grey outside, go out and get some natural light. The best time to go out is late morning or lunchtime, and remove your sunglasses so the light can enter your eyes,’ says Gauffin. 

### Break the cycle 
‘It’s easy to get caught in a negative spiral,’ says Gauffin. ‘You feel low so you stay inside, becoming more tired and craving sugary foods, and your mood dips even lower. 

‘Try breaking the cycle with small actions – start by going for a walk outside at a regular time each day.’

### Be kind to yourself
Different self-help tools work for different people, and it’s okay if you can’t do them all. For example, with SAD you may find it harder to eat healthily – [around 1 in 4 people](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019042/) with SAD say they struggle with winter binge [eating](/medical-advice/mental-health/binge-eating-disorder/). 

The most important thing is to be kind to yourself and find out what works best for you.

## Can I get treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

If you’re experiencing seasonal depression, it’s important to know that there’s help available and you aren’t alone. 1 in 10 people has [some form of depression](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-21243-x) in their lifetime.

## Treatments for SAD include: 

- Lifestyle changes
A doctor can support you to make small changes to help increase your [energy levels](/your-health/5-ways-to-increase-your-energy-levels/), sleep better and lift your mood. 

- Talking therapy or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
Therapy helps you explore your thoughts and feelings and find new coping strategies. CBT is a specific type of therapy.

- Antidepressants 
Medicines such as SSRIs are commonly used to treat depression, and they may help with SAD too. 

## Can light therapy help with SAD?

Some people find [light therapy](https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011269.pub3/full) helps them, but we still don’t have enough evidence to say whether it works. Light therapy involves sitting in front of a special light for 30 minutes every morning to make up for lower light levels in winter.

‘It’s worth trying light therapy because we don’t normally see any harmful effects from it,’ says Gauffin. It’s usually safe unless you have an eye condition or take medicine that makes you sensitive to light.

## Can Vitamin D help with SAD?

You can also speak to a doctor about taking vitamin D supplements. ‘This will help rule out vitamin D deficiency, which can have similar symptoms to SAD – such as feeling constantly tired,’ says Gauffin. If you have dark skin, live in a country in the Northern Hemisphere or spend a lot of time indoors, you might consider taking 10 micrograms of vitamin D a day. 

## What should I do if SAD is affecting my sleep?

Consider talking to a doctor about your sleep. People with SAD often have disturbed sleep, including [nightmares](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jsr.12416). ‘Sleep profoundly affects our ability to cope and should be a priority in dealing with symptoms of depression,’ says Gauffin.

## When should I see a doctor about SAD?

If your symptoms affect your daily life or you’re struggling to cope, [make an appointment to speak to a doctor](/gp-appointments-online/). 

It’s also a good idea to book an appointment if:

- You think you might have SAD (even if you’re coping)
- You feel low for a long time
- You regularly have trouble sleeping 
- Self-help tools aren’t working for you

‘SAD is diagnosed once we see a pattern, but you should seek help for symptoms straight away,’ says Gauffin. ‘There are many doctors and psychologists who can give you the support or treatment you need to feel better.’

__This article has been medically approved by Kry Psychologist Madeleine Gauffin.__


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kry.co.uk > Your health > How do I know if I have seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

If your mood is low in certain seasons every year, it could be seasonal affective disorder (SAD). A Kry Psychologist explains the symptoms and help available. 

kry.co.uk > meta information > How do I know if I have seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

How do I know if I have seasonal affective disorder (SAD)? | Kry UK

Mental health

How do I know if I have seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Many of us search our symptoms online when we have a suspected health concern. But if you’re regularly spending lots of time researching health information or constantly worried about your health, this may be a sign of health anxiety. 

It’s estimated that [4% to 5% of us](https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/always-worried-about-your-health-you-may-be-dealing-with-health-anxiety-disorder) (perhaps even as much as 12%) have health anxiety. Being aware of any changes with our health and seeking professional help when we’re concerned is important, but for those with health anxiety, it can be hard to know what actually requires medical attention. 

## What are the key health anxiety symptoms?

There are lots of different health anxiety symptoms and everyone has a different experience. Some of the most common signs are:

- Worrying a lot about having or getting a serious illness
- Feeling constantly anxious about your health
- Regularly checking your body for signs of illness
- Avoiding doctor’s appointments and hospitals
- Feeling preoccupied about your health for at least 6 months, even if the illnesses you’re worried about change over that time

If your worries can’t be explained by a different condition, for example, [generalised anxiety disorder](/your-health/need-help-for-anxiety-here-are-your-questions-answered/), [panic disorder](/medical-advice/mental-health/panic-disorder/) or [obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)](/medical-advice/mental-health/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/), that may be another sign.

## What is health anxiety? 

‘Health anxiety, also known as hypochondria, is actually a group of different disorders, and there isn’t one set definition,’ explains Dag Härdfeldt, Lead Clinical Psychologist at Kry. Health anxiety is also sometimes referred to as ‘somatic symptom and related disorder’ or ‘illness anxiety disorder’.

‘In illness anxiety disorder, our worries usually revolve around a specific illness,’ says Härdfeldt. ‘For example, someone with illness anxiety disorder might excessively wash their hands to avoid a specific illness like Covid-19.’ 

Somatic symptom disorder usually shows up as behavioural patterns, like frequently scanning your body or constantly worrying about sickness in general. ‘Someone with this condition might fixate on a sore throat and worry that it’s a sign of something serious without having any one problem in mind,’ says Härdfeldt.

## How do I know if I or someone I know has health anxiety?

‘Behaviours will be different depending on the person, but they may have similar symptoms,’ explains Härdfeldt.

‘People with health anxiety typically have a strong belief that something is wrong with them – usually physiologically, but sometimes psychologically too. They may struggle with patterns of thinking about their health that don’t reflect reality.’

For example, instead of feeling relieved after getting normal results back from a medical examination, they might start questioning that something was wrong with the test or that the doctor misread the results.

People with health anxiety might also overestimate the risks of getting a disease and jump to worst-case scenarios. 

Another common habit in people with health anxiety is spending lots of time reading about different symptoms. Some researchers have coined the term [‘cyberchondria’](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23368807/) to describe the behaviour of searching online for medical information, only to become more worried. 

## Has Covid-19 made people’s health anxiety worse? 

We still don’t know the full impact of the pandemic on our collective mental health and levels of health anxiety, but it’s likely that it has caused more of us to worry about our health in general.

However, not everyone with health anxiety reacts by seeking care. ‘The condition can also have the opposite effect – some people might see hospitals as risky places and avoid them altogether,’ says Härdfeldt.

## How can I manage health anxiety?
‘There are many ways to train your brain to manage anxious thoughts, but it’s very difficult to do so alone,’ says Härdfeldt. ‘If you suspect you may have health anxiety, seek professional help.’ 

If you don’t feel ready to get support, here are some actions that may help:

__- Set a time limit__
Try limiting the amount of time you worry or Google any symptoms to 15 minutes per day. When you want to check on things outside of this window, remind yourself that it will have to wait for the next dedicated time.

__- Be mindful of confirmation bias__
When we look for information about something we’re worried about, we often actively seek out the negatives to ‘confirm’ the way we think. If you’ve read about the worst outcomes of cancer, for example, remember that there’s often another side to the story, like people who have found a lump that turned out to be benign.

__- Challenge yourself__
When scanning your body, don’t just ask where it hurts – consider where things feel normal and where you feel strong. Try to find ways of challenging the notions you might have about your health.

## What is the treatment for health anxiety?

The good news is that health anxiety is treatable and it needn’t get in the way of your everyday life. [Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)](/your-health/5-phobias-cbt-can-help-with/) can be an effective treatment for health anxiety, in both the short and long term. 

In some cases, a doctor might recommend antidepressants, but there isn’t a consensus about how effective they really are. If you’re concerned you have health anxiety, talk to a doctor who can help you find the right support or treatment.

## How can I support someone with health anxiety?

Just as it’s difficult to experience health anxiety first-hand, it can also be hard to watch someone you care about live with it. These tips can help you support someone who’s struggling:

__- Acknowledge their anxiety__
Don’t try to debunk your loved one’s worries – it may only create more tension. Remember that health anxiety can create irrational thought patterns.

__- Separate the disorder from the person__
It’s okay to feel frustrated sometimes – know that this doesn’t make you a bad friend, partner or relative. Try your best to separate your feelings about the disorder from the person who has it.

__- Provide a gentle reminder__
Don’t argue with the way your loved one feels, but you could explain that there’s a high chance the symptom the person is focusing on might be exacerbated by the health anxiety and that there might be other explanations. 

## When should I speak to a doctor?

Speak to a doctor if you’re experiencing:

- A preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness
- A high level of anxiety about your health
- A desire to perform excessive health-related behaviours such as body scanning

__This article has been medically approved by Dag Härdfeldt, Lead Clinical Psychologist at Kry__


kry.co.uk > Your health > What is health anxiety and how do I know if I have it? 

Health-anxiety 2100x1200

Discover the symptoms of health anxiety and when it could be time to get professional help with Dag Härdfeldt, Lead Clinical Psychologist at Kry

kry.co.uk > meta information > health anxiety

What is health anxiety and do I have it? | Kry UK

What is health anxiety and how do I know if I have it? 

Christmas is a time where we might eat or drink a little more than usual. For many of us it’s part of celebrating with loved ones, though it can have an impact on our liver.

Your liver is about the size of a rugby ball, and the largest solid organ in the body. It weighs around 1.8 kg in men and 1.3 kg in women. Despite its size, a healthy liver contains a very small amount of fat, or no fat at all.

‘The liver is usually very resilient, but it can be damaged by prolonged exposure to excess alcohol and fatty foods,’ explains Dr McClymont.

‘Having an unhealthy or fatty liver may go unnoticed at first as there are typically no symptoms in the early stages, but fortunately there are lots of ways we can make better choices to look after the liver all year round.’

## Why do we need a healthy liver?

We might not realise it, but the liver is one of our most vital and complex organs. It carries out loads of jobs – from getting rid of toxins in our blood, producing bile to help break down fats in our food, regulating our blood sugar, producing proteins and playing a role in our immune system.

Because the liver acts as our body’s factory for so many functions, having a healthy liver can have a huge amount of health benefits – from better digestion to improved brain function and even a higher level of energy.

## What are the risks of an unhealthy liver?

### Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

The most common conditions associated with an unhealthy or fatty liver are described as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This wide range of conditions are mostly seen in people who are overweight or obese.

Up to a third of people in the UK have early stages of NAFLD, where there are small amounts of fat in their liver. Usually this early stage of a fatty liver is relatively harmless and can be easily improved with lifestyle changes. 

More serious damage to your liver – which often takes several years – can lead to a more advanced stage of fatty liver disease called cirrhosis, which is not reversible. 

### Alcohol-related fatty liver disease

The other main type of fatty liver disease is caused by drinking too much alcohol or alcohol addiction. This is known as alcohol-related fatty liver disease (ARLD) or sometimes referred to as an alcoholic fatty liver. 

‘Our liver is not able to process too much alcohol and too much causes damage to the liver’s cells, creating fatty deposits. Although in the early stages a fatty liver can regenerate, excessive amounts of alcohol over many years can reduce the liver’s ability to develop new cells – and this can lead to cirrhosis that causes permanent scarring and damage to the liver’s function’, explains Dr McClymont.

ARLD is very common in the UK, and is affecting many more people over the last few decades due to problems with alcohol misuse. 

## How can I protect myself from problems like fatty liver disease?

‘Most types of liver damage including fatty liver disease have no symptoms in the early stages. And lots of people will only know they have a liver problem once there’s already long-term damage or scarring,’ says Dr McClymont.

The good news is that [9 in 10 cases of liver disease can be prevented](https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/three-steps-to-love-your-liver/) with simple lifestyle choices around your health. These involve maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise, and not drinking too much alcohol.

## A healthy diet to protect your liver

- Eat lots of fruits and leafy greens like spinach
- Choose high-fibre and whole-grain foods instead of white bread, pasta and rice
- Cut out foods high in added sugar, salt, refined carbohydrates and saturated fat like chocolate, crisps and processed cheese
- Avoid red meats (stick to traditional Turkey this year!).

It’s a good idea to speak to a GP or a dietician for more specific nutritional advice, but here are a few recommended foods to kickstart your healthy liver diet.

### Keep up the coffee

Good news for coffee lovers – having a daily cup of [coffee can help protect your liver](https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/living-with-a-liver-condition/diet-and-liver-disease/) against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and reduce your chances of developing further complications, like liver fibrosis, if you’ve been diagnosed with NAFLD.

### Swap sausages for salmon

‘Tis the season where it’s tricky to escape unsaturated fat like butter, sausages and cured meats. Swapping these fatty foods for avocados, nut butter, and fatty fish like salmon and sardines, rich in omega-3, can help prevent a fatty liver.

### Chestnuts roasting...

As well as lots of other protein-rich food like oats, beans, lentils and chickpeas, a diet rich in nuts (and especially walnuts) has been shown to reduce liver inflammation.

## Tips to balance alcohol

Especially during the festive season, it’s not easy to cut out alcohol completely. With a quarter of us drinking at levels that could put our health at risk, it’s important to remind ourselves of the [health benefits of drinking less.](/your-health/6-health-benefits-of-drinking-less/) 

Here are some tips to help look after your liver, particularly over Christmas and the new year. 

### Know what your healthy limits are

Keep in mind current UK guidelines advise not to drink more than 14 units a week (for men and women), spread over 3 days. A unit of alcohol is equal to roughly half a pint of normal lager or a pub measure (25ml) of spirits. A small glass of wine is more like 1.5 units.

### Give your liver days off each week

Plan ahead to give your liver a regular break with at least 2 or 3 alcohol-free days every week – even better if these are all in a row. This may be trickier over Christmas, but with a bit of preparation, you can make sure there are lots of tempting soft drinks available for you and your guests.

### Try a dry month after Christmas

And if you want to go a step further to prevent fatty liver disease, having an alcohol-free month (like the popular ‘dry January’) can kickstart liver regeneration, allowing your liver fat levels to start falling by around 15%. 

‘Even if you have had an indulgent couple of weeks or been a heavy drinker for a while, drinking less alcohol or stopping altogether has lots of short and long-term benefits for your health,’ says Dr McClymont.

## How can I know if I have a fatty liver?
‘In the early stages of fatty liver disease there are often no symptoms. You may even not be aware you have the condition unless you’ve had a blood test or abdominal ultrasound for another medical reason,’ says Dr McClymont.

Those with more advanced stages of NAFLD may experience some of the following symptoms.

- Dull or aching pain in the tummy (top right)
- Weakness or extreme tiredness
- Unexplained weight loss

When fatty liver disease progresses and cirrhosis develops, you can get more severe symptoms. These include:

- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Itchy skin
- Swelling in the legs, feet, ankles or tummy

## How can a fatty liver impact your health?

People with high levels of fat in their liver are at much greater risk of developing other serious health problems, like diabetes, high blood [pressure](/medical-advice/cardiovascular-diseases/hypertension/) and kidney disease. And if you already have diabetes, NAFLD increases your risk of developing [heart disease](/medical-advice/cardiovascular-disease/) and other heart problems. 

More advanced stages of fatty liver disease, which usually happens after several years of inflammation, causes your liver to become scarred, lumpy and shrink in size. This damage is permanent and can cause liver cancer or liver failure (where your liver stops working).

If fatty liver disease is picked up early, it's much easier to stop fatty liver symptoms getting worse or other health problems occuring. 

But rest assured that over time, reducing the amount of fat in your liver can lead to significant improvements in your health.  

## When to see a GP and what to expect

‘If you’ve been diagnosed with a type of fatty liver disease, a GP can help you manage the condition and reduce the chance of it progressing’ reassures Dr McClymont.

‘Most people with NAFLD will not develop serious liver problems or damage – so will not need medication or a referral. The most important way to manage the condition is by making healthier and more informed lifestyle choices,’ she says. 

‘A GP can give you lots of advice and information on this. And they can recommend treatment for any associated conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes or [high cholesterol](/your-health/6-ways-to-help-lower-your-cholesterol/).’

A GP can also refer you for treatment if you have problems with alcohol addiction.


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Do you regularly struggle with tiredness throughout the day? Feeling tired is very common – it’s estimated that up to [45% of us suffer from fatigue](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33246515/). With so many possible causes, it can be hard to pinpoint why your energy levels might be dipping. 

## What’s the difference between tiredness and fatigue?

Tiredness is something we all experience, and we can usually recover by sleeping and resting. There’s no one [definition of fatigue](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8474156/), but researchers have suggested it has many dimensions, including physical, cognitive, mental, motivational and emotional factors. It’s sometimes defined as a kind of tiredness that doesn’t get better with rest.

## So, why am I always tired?

Despite how common it is, fatigue is still poorly understood. There are many natural and obvious key lifestyle causes of tiredness, including:

- Overworking 
- Difficulties at work or at home 
- Lack of sleep 
- Stressful experiences 
- Drinking too much alcohol 
- Drinking large amounts of caffeine 
- Prescription medication like antidepressants or sleeping pills 
- Having a baby

Tiredness could be caused by too much screen time, which can make it harder to fall asleep. It can also be caused by a recent sickness, including viral infections like the flu or Covid-19 and bacterial infections like [pneumonia](/medical-advice/respiratory-conditions/pneumonia/) or a [UTI](/your-health/utis-your-questions-answered/). 

## Why do we feel more tired in winter?

It’s natural to experience more tiredness symptoms during the winter. ‘Winter fatigue is linked to shorter days and a more stressful environment for the body, with lower temperatures and more infections,’ explains Dr Guyomar. 

‘It’s common to need an extra half an hour or three-quarters of an hour of sleep every night.’ 

## What are the other key causes of tiredness?

Sometimes tiredness and fatigue can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition or illness, including chronic infectious diseases, endocrine diseases (related to hormonal imbalances), autoimmune diseases and sleep-related conditions. These can include:

### 1. Depression, burnout or other psychological causes

About [1 in 5 patients who go to the doctor](https://bmcfampract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12875-016-0545-5) because of tiredness suffer from a depressive disorder. According to one study, more than [90% of patients with depression experience fatigue](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3225130/). 

Psychological causes are often to blame for persistent fatigue. ‘Fatigue with psychological causes is most noticeable in the morning when you get up and is associated with other symptoms such as sleep disturbances and loss of vitality and motivation,’ says Dr Guyomar.

‘Often, [depression](/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/) is the cause. But it can also be due to anxiety disorders, bipolar disease in the depressive phase or anorexia.’

Persistent tiredness is also one of the major symptoms of [burnout](/your-health/7-early-signs-of-burnout/) – a loss of motivation and emotional depletion caused by work-related stress.

### 2. Iron deficiency anaemia

Anaemia can also cause feelings of tiredness. ‘[Iron deficiency anaemia](/your-health/a-doctors-guide-to-iron-deficiency-symptoms-causes/) is caused by a lack of iron. You need iron to make haemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen around the body,’ Dr Guyomar explains.

‘When our cells don’t get enough oxygen due to iron deficiency anaemia, we may feel fatigued. This fatigue can be more or less severe depending on the extent of the anaemia. It’s a very common cause of tiredness.’

Anaemia has several potential causes, including diets low in iron, conditions like stomach ulcers or [Crohn’s disease](/medical-advice/digestive-problems/crohns-disease/) or heavy menstrual bleeding, pregnancy or childbirth.

### 3. Hypothyroidism

If you constantly feel exhausted and have other symptoms such as weight gain, lack of concentration, muscle aches, thinning hair, irregular periods or loss of libido, you might have an underactive thyroid – or [hypothyroidism](/your-health/thyroid-symptoms-overactive-underactive/). 

‘Hypothyroidism is a malfunction of the thyroid gland, which causes a decrease in thyroid hormones, resulting in a slowing down of the functioning of our organs,’ explains Dr Guyomar. This causes your body’s main functions to slow down and makes you feel tired all the time.

A doctor may organise a thyroid function test to check for hypothyroidism. This looks at levels of the [thyroid-stimulating hormone](/your-health/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-thyroid-stimulating-hormone/) (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) in the blood. High levels of TSH and low levels of T4 could signal that you have an underactive thyroid.

### 4. Sleep apnoea

‘Sleep apnoea is when your breathing pauses during sleep,’ explains Dr Guyomar. ‘These episodes aren’t inherently serious, but they can cause the quality of your sleep to deteriorate, causing tiredness.

‘People with sleep apnoea syndrome may fall asleep during the day and experience headaches as well as have difficulty concentrating,’ she says. ‘Moderate to severe sleep apnoea can also lead to high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in the long term.’

### 5. Sleep debt

[Sleep debt](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/emres/longhourstraining/debt.html) is the accumulated difference between your optimal number of hours of sleep and the number of hours you actually get. With an estimated [45 million people in Europe having a chronic sleep disorder](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5449130/), many of us will accumulate sleep debt at some point.

Short-term sleep disruption can cause everything from a feeling of tiredness to emotional distress and memory issues, while the long-term implications include hypertension, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

If you’ve accumulated sleep debt, try to ease into a more [regular sleep routine](/your-health/how-to-sleep-better/) that will help you catch up gradually.

### 6. Coeliac disease

[Coeliac disease](/medical-advice/digestive-problems/coeliac-disease/) is an autoimmune disease triggered by eating gluten, which affects around [1% of the population worldwide](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3264942/#:~:text=Celiac%20disease%20is%201%20of,approximately%201%25%20of%20individuals%20worldwide.&text=In%20predisposed%20individuals%2C%20gluten%20ingestion,and%20affect%20multiple%20organ%20systems.). Fatigue is a common symptom of coeliac disease, but you’ll typically notice other symptoms like bloating, diarrhoea and abdominal pain or discomfort. 

### 7. Chronic fatigue syndrome

If you’ve experienced regular fatigue for 6 months or more, this could be caused by chronic fatigue syndrome, also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME).

‘This often presents alongside joint pain, headaches, sleep issues, concentration and memory disorders, and discomfort after exercise,’ says Dr Guyomar. ‘It only affects between 0.2% and 0.4% of the population, but it’s 3 times more common in women than men. The onset is usually sudden, often following a viral infection.

‘One of the difficulties for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome is that the lack of a clear medical cause means that it can be tough for others to properly understand. The symptoms can cause severe disability and distress.’

### 8. Covid-19 

‘It’s common to feel tired after a viral illness like Covid-19,’ says Dr Guyomar. ‘This is sometimes known as post-viral fatigue syndrome and can last from 1 week to 4 months. 

‘If the fatigue persists for more than a few months, a doctor can investigate further to rule out other causes, including [long Covid.](/your-health/what-is-long-covid/)’

## Should I take vitamins for tiredness?

‘Vitamins and minerals such as magnesium and amino acids are useful when you’ve been diagnosed with a deficiency via a blood test,’ says Dr Guyomar. ‘But they should only ever be used for a short period.’

Always speak to a doctor before taking any supplements for tiredness.

## How can I stop feeling so tired?

If you’re looking for ways to boost your energy levels, try these doctor-recommended tips:

- __Prioritise your sleep quantity and quality__ – avoid alcohol and stimulants like tobacco and caffeine in the evening, and create a relaxing routine to help you fall asleep.
- __Eat a balanced, healthy diet__ – and avoid skipping meals.
- __Make time for physical activity__ – on a regular basis, but avoid anything too intense.
- __Aim for daily moments of relaxation__ – you could try yoga, relaxation therapy or meditation.
- __Take a short nap__ – try 20 minutes after a meal.

## When should I speak to a doctor about my tiredness?

Speak to a doctor if your tiredness or fatigue:

- Persists even with good sleep and rest
- Prevents you from carrying out your daily activities or affects your mental health
- Lasts for more than 6 months
- Is accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, abnormal weight loss or gain, pain, abnormal thirst or loss of appetite.

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Céline Guyomar, a medical doctor at Kry__


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## What happens to your body during cold water swimming or ice baths?

When our bodies are exposed to extreme cold, we have a ‘fight or flight’ response that kicks into action. This is usually triggered by stress or danger. 

Once our fight or flight response starts working, the stress hormone noradrenaline is released, which makes us more alert and boosts our concentration, among many other important things. 

So let’s talk a bit more about the physical and mental health benefits of getting chilly in the water.

## How does cold water swimming or an ice bath improve our physical health?

According to [UK research](https://www.port.ac.uk/research/research-centres-and-groups/extreme-environments-research-group), there are lots of health benefits of cold water swimming as well as having an ice bath (taken with the right safety precautions). 

Here are some highlights of the science behind cold water and our health.

### Speeds up your metabolism

When you’re swimming in cold water or having a cold bath, your body has to work harder to stay warm – and as a result, you burn calories much quicker. The colder the water, the harder your body has to work to turn fat stores into energy.

### Improves your circulation

The sudden change in temperature from being immersed in an ice bath or swimming in cold water tells our heart that it needs to pump more blood to our organs. In turn, this improves our circulation and helps flush toxins out of our system, giving our skin a healthy glow! The increased blood flow also helps to flush waste products and reduce muscle inflammation - which is why lots of athletes choose to have an ice bath after taking part in intense sport.

### Gets you a better night’s sleep

Swimming in cold water and taking ice baths regularly can lead to better sleep too. The effect of cold water stimulates our parasympathetic nervous system, which helps our body rest and repair - and promotes a feeling of calm to help us sleep.

### Boosts your immune system

Spending time in cold water or a cold bath gives your body a ‘cold water shock’ and this can kickstart the immune system through the production of white blood cells and antioxidants. These are needed to prevent all kinds of illnesses from the common cold to heart disease.

## Can cold water swimming improve our mental health too?

As well as being a fun and free activity to take part in all year round, cold water swimming has been shown to be beneficial for our mental health too. 

### Anxiety and depression

The motion of swimming can help reduce [anxiety](/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/) and [depression](/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/) as you focus on your body’s movement – and is a great form of exercise for mindfulness. And by swimming in cold water, your body produces even more endorphins to combat stressful feelings.

### Managing stress

Regular cold water swimming can help us to cope better with different types of stress, as the body starts to learn how to regulate our stress hormones like dopamine. Your body sends a signal to the heart to beat faster and this helps to heat up our body and give us more energy.

### Mood and confidence

The increase in adrenaline from being in cold water can create a feeling of euphoria. This is caused by the release of endorphins – a hormone that makes us feel good and can even relieve pain. As a result, cold water swimming or a cold bath can improve our overall mood, confidence and even libido.

## 8 tips to take part in cold water swimming safely

1. Talk to a GP if you have a history of [heart disease](/medical-advice/cardiovascular-disease/) or suffer from [asthma ](/medical-advice/respiratory-conditions/asthma/)and are thinking about trying out cold water swimming.

2. Avoid cold water swimming on your own – there are many wild swimming groups in the UK and you can find your nearest one online.

3. Choose a lido or well known safe place for cold water swimming, that’s deep enough for a dip. And make sure you know how to exit the water before you get in.

4. It’s a good idea to wear a wetsuit if you’re new to outdoor swimming and you can build up to just wearing a swimming costume (to feel the health benefits of cold water swimming even more).

5. If you're cold water swimming in the middle of winter, you can wear waterproof gloves to keep your hands warm, as well as a silicone swimming cap.

6. Start slowly and ease yourself in, as it can be hard to control your breathing at first. Let yourself get used to the temperature for a few minutes, where you can still touch the bottom or hold onto a ladder.

7. Don’t stay in the cold water (or a cold bath) for too long - you may start to stiffen up after 15-20 minutes. You’ll get those mental health benefits in the first 2-3 minutes so there’s no need to stay in for a long time.

8. Warm up properly – your body will continue to cool down for about half an hour after cold water swimming. Layer up with warm clothes, and have a hot drink and snack before you carry on with your day.


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There are lots of reasons why women of all ages might experience abdominal pain. It’s extremely common and generally easy to manage if you know the cause.

‘Most lower abdominal pain in females isn’t a sign of a serious condition, but occasionally there can be something that needs investigating. If you do experience this type of pain, it’s helpful to familiarise yourself with the area of the tummy that hurts and how to manage the different types of pain,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry.

The lower abdomen refers to the part of your tummy below the belly button. Pain in that area might also be referred to as pelvic pain.

## What causes central lower abdominal pain?

A woman’s lower abdomen has two main organs including the uterus (womb) and part of the bowel. Here are some of the potential causes of pain in this area.

### Period pain

Period pain is usually a crampy, dull or tight pain in the middle of the lower abdomen, sometimes spreading further into the lower back. It can be very uncomfortable, but many people find they can manage it with a hot water bottle and painkillers like paracetamol and ibuprofen.

### Urinary tract infection (UTI)

A UTI or [water infection](/your-health/utis-your-questions-answered/) can also cause lower abdominal pain in women, as well as urinary symptoms like burning when you pee, or needing to go to the toilet very frequently or urgently.

Mild urinary tract infections like cystitis often clear up on their own if you drink plenty of fluids, but more persistent UTIs might need a short course of antibiotics, which a GP can prescribe. More severe UTIs can affect the kidneys, and might cause lower back pain on either or both sides, and make you feel generally unwell, sometimes with flu-like symptoms. 

It’s important to speak to a doctor as soon as possible if your symptoms are more severe or if you have recurring UTI symptoms.

### Pelvic inflammatory disease

Infections in the reproductive system can affect the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. An untreated infection in the reproductive tract can become very serious and lead to long-term problems, so needs to be treated by a doctor. 

These kinds of infections are often caused by an underlying sexually transmitted infection (STI), so if you’re sexually active, make sure you have regular sexual health screening.

[Pain during sex](/your-health/what-causes-painful-sex-and-pain-after-sex/), [spotting](/your-health/whats-causing-my-spotting-in-between-periods/) or [discoloured](/your-health/is-my-vaginal-discharge-healthy-a-doctors-guide/), smelly discharge can be other symptoms of an STI, or infection of the reproductive system. 

## What causes pain in the lower left abdomen?

‘Any of the causes of one-sided abdominal pain listed above, can just affect the left side, but there are some reasons that the pain might be only on the left – particularly because the bowel is closer to the end of the digestive system,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont.

### Gas (flatulence)

A common cause for pain on your left side is [trapped or excessive wind and bloating](/your-health/whats-causing-your-gas-and-flatulence/). Gas builds up in the digestive tract by swallowing air or as a by-product of gut bacteria breaking down foods. Having some gas is perfectly normal, but having a lot of wind could be a sign of an underlying health issue.

### Polyps or diverticular disease

Diverticular disease can affect the lower left side too, or can cause more generalised pain. Polyps are small wart-like lumps in the bowel, and diverticular disease is a condition where the bowel forms tiny pockets that become inflamed and painful. 

Diverticulitis and polyps can both cause diarrhoea and sometimes bleeding in the bowel. If you notice [[blood in your poo](/your-health/10-things-your-poo-can-tell-you-about-your-health/), or if your poo looks black and tarry](/your-health/10-things-your-poo-can-tell-you-about-your-health/), it’s important to speak to a doctor straight away.

## What causes pain in the lower right abdomen?

### Appendicitis 

The right lower abdomen contains the part of the bowel where the small intestine meets the large intestine. The appendix is a small part of the bowel which is found where the intestines join, and this can sometimes get inflamed, swollen, and infected. Appendicitis is a painful intestinal disorder that causes intense lower right abdominal pain – although the pain might also spread across the lower abdomen.

## Causes of general lower abdominal pain

### Muscular pain

Muscular pain can account for some cases of lower abdominal pain. A strained muscle from exercise or an injury can be very painful, affect one or both sides, or be more generalised across the lower abdomen. 

Sometimes it’s possible to work out how or when muscular pain started, and this makes it more manageable with regular painkillers and lots of rest.

### Pregnancy

Pregnancy causes major changes in a female’s body shape and places a huge amount of strain on the organs and muscles of the lower abdomen. As well as general discomfort in this area, women often experience pain from Braxton Hicks contractions during the later stages of pregnancy, as the muscles prepare for childbirth. 

You can always speak to a midwife or your local prenatal team for advice if you have any concerns about your health during pregnancy. There are some less common causes of lower abdominal pain in pregnancy that can be more serious. If you experience any severe, sudden or unexplained pain, or pain alongside unusual vaginal discharge or bleeding, go to your nearest A&E for urgent medical advice.

### Ectopic pregnancy

[Ectopic pregnancies](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/) affect around 11,000 people in the UK every year. Women affected can have problems with one ovary or fallopian tube that leads to lower abdominal pain either in one or both sides. This complication can also cause general or central lower abdominal pain, which is usually very severe. 

## When to see a doctor

‘Occasional lower abdominal pain isn’t unusual for women, and period pain is a particularly common cause. Most of the time, this type of pain can be easily managed at home with pain relief, hot water bottles, rest or gentle exercise depending on the cause,’ reassures Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry.

‘Very severe, unexplained or unmanageable pain, with other concerning symptoms, should be checked by a doctor urgently.’ 
It isn’t always easy to identify the cause yourself, but if you do experience regular pain during your menstrual cycle or notice urinary or bowel problems, make a note of this if you do want to discuss your lower abdominal pain with a GP.


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