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Dealing with eczema can be incredibly difficult and unpredictable. Eczema is an inflammatory skin condition that makes your skin red, dry, itchy, cracked and sore.

The condition is more common than you might think, affecting an estimated 1 in every 5 children and up to 3% of adults worldwide. 

‘A flare-up occurs when eczema symptoms worsen,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Livi. ‘For some people, there’s no apparent reason, but individual triggers may include soaps and detergents, cold and dry weather, allergies, or infections.’ 

## What does eczema look and feel like? 

Eczema flare-ups can affect any part of the skin, but the areas most commonly affected tend to be the face, the hands and the sensitive areas of skin around the joints, such as the back of the knees or inside the elbows. 

‘Typically, eczema appears as patches of itchy and cracked, scaly or peeling skin that can feel rough to the touch,’ explains Dr McClymont. Sometimes the skin may also appear blistered, weepy, thickened, crusty, bumpy or swollen.

## What does eczema look like on white, black and brown skin?

Eczema affects people of all skin tones and ethnicities and it can look different depending on your skin type. ‘On lighter skin tones, affected areas usually appear inflamed and red in colour with dark pink patches,’ says Dr McClymont.

‘On darker skin tones, affected areas of skin may appear darker than the rest – this is known as hyperpigmentation. Eczema patches tend to look purple, dark brown or ashen grey.’ As the skin heals, it may temporarily become lighter, known as hypopigmentation. 

Black skin may be particularly susceptible to eczema, but the severity of flare-ups is often underestimated as the redness from inflammation may be difficult to see.

![7 doctor’s tips for managing eczema flare-ups ](//images.ctfassets.net/h8qzhh7m9m8u/2LACCUgFpYcETEA0f0b23W/464e189c6bfb691899d2bc6b327cfbbb/2100x1200_Exzema-flare-ups_Article.png)

## How do I know if I have an infection?

If your skin becomes swollen or sore, begins to blister or develops a yellow crust, you may have an infection. Antibiotic creams or tablets may be required to treat it. 

## What causes an eczema flare-up?

There are a variety of potential triggers for eczema flare-ups, from soaps and detergents to wool, sweat, stress and skin infections. Environmental factors, such as smoke, pollen, heat, low humidity and cold weather, and certain foods, such as dairy and nuts, could also be the cause. 

## How can I manage and ease eczema flare-ups?

Not all treatments work for everyone with eczema, but it’s important not to give up hope. Depending on the severity, treatments may include lifestyle changes, prescription medication and over-the-counter remedies. 

Here are some options you can try to help manage your symptoms during an eczema flare-up:

### 1. Resist the urge to scratch 
‘Scratching can make eczema worse and eventually lead to dry, leathery and thickened skin. It may also leave you vulnerable to infection since it’s easier for bacteria to get into cracked skin,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘Keep kids’ fingernails short and try putting mittens on their hands at night. A doctor might recommend antihistamines for a short time, as some types are sedating and can help your child sleep.’ 

### 2. Moisturise your skin regularly with emollient
Using moisturising treatments (emollients) regularly is one of the most effective ways to manage your eczema. Available over the counter as creams, lotions or bath oils, emollients cover your skin with a protective film to trap in moisture.

‘Apply emollients liberally twice every day – even when your skin appears “normal” – to prevent flare-ups occurring,’ advises Dr McClymont. ‘When your skin is worse, use them more frequently – up to 5 or 6 times a day. It’s also important to use emollients each time you wash your hands.’ 

### 3. Consider using steroid creams for a short period
Steroid creams – also known as topical corticosteroids – can be used to reduce swelling, redness and itching. ‘If the severity of your flare-up isn’t improving with regular emollient use, steroid creams can be useful in the short term as they reduce inflammation in the skin,’ says Dr McClymont. 

‘You can buy a mild steroid cream, such as hydrocortisone, over the counter from a pharmacy, and stronger creams are available with a prescription from a GP. In rare cases of severe eczema, oral steroid tablets may be considered.’ 

### 4. Pinpoint your triggers 
‘Most people have individual triggers, and it’s worth keeping note of when your eczema is at its worst to identify skin products, environmental factors or foods that may aggravate it,’ says Dr McClymont. Try keeping a diary to help you become aware of potential things to avoid.

### 5. Find support to help you deal with stress 
Emotional stress can trigger eczema symptoms, and a recent clinical study found that people with eczema have an increased risk of developing [depression ](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/)and [anxiety](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/). ‘If your eczema is affecting you, talk to a doctor. Treatments like cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help manage your response to stress and reduce the impact living with eczema has on your mental health,’ explains Dr McClymont. 

### 6. Discover the benefits of light therapy 
Already tried all of the above? Light therapy could be an effective option, but you will need a referral to a dermatologist. ‘Light therapy, or phototherapy, is a treatment that uses ultraviolet (UV) light. It works by reducing inflammation in the skin,’ says Dr McClymont. 

### 7. Talk to a specialist 
If your eczema symptoms are getting worse, your doctor or dermatologist may recommend other treatments, including specialised creams called topical immunomodulators. These act on the immune system to reduce skin inflammation and improve eczema. ‘They can be very effective and a good alternative to steroid creams – particularly in people who have frequent flare-ups,’ says Dr McClymont.

Using bandages and wet wraps can also help calm eczema flare ups and are usually applied or prescribed by a doctor or dermatologist. They stop you from scratching and protect your skin from dryness by helping it absorb emollients.

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Livi.__


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Livi.co.uk > Your health >  7 doctor’s tips for managing eczema flare-ups 

7 doctor’s tips for managing eczema flare-ups 

Discover the best ways to ease the most common type of eczema, atopic dermatitis. With advice from a Kry Lead GP.  

Kry.co.uk > Your health >  7 doctor’s tips for managing eczema flare-ups 

7 doctor’s tips for managing eczema flare-ups | Kry UK

General health and seasonal

Thyroid problems are among the most common health conditions in the world, affecting an estimated 200 million people globally. But not many of us fully understand the thyroid’s function and the key hormones involved.

The butterfly-shaped gland is found in the front of the neck and plays a big role in our health. The hormones it produces help to regulate our metabolism, growth and development, and maintain our energy levels and reproductive system. 

Here, Livi medical doctor Dr Céline Guyomar has answered some of your biggest questions about the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), including when to speak to a doctor. 

## What is TSH and what has it got to do with thyroid hormones?

The thyroid makes 2 hormones – triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) – and releases them into the blood. They regulate lots of different things in the body, including energy, metabolism, muscle strength, appetite, breathing and organ function. 

‘When someone has too little or too much of these hormones in their bloodstream, this means that they have a [thyroid disorder](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/thyroid-symptoms-overactive-underactive/),’ Dr Guyomar explains. 

TSH is also a hormone. It helps to make sure we have the right balance of thyroid hormones in our blood. 

By secreting TSH, the anterior pituitary gland in the brain regulates the levels of T3 and T4 in the blood. When there’s too little, it releases more TSH, telling the thyroid to make more thyroid hormones. When there is enough, TSH production stops.

## How and why do our TSH levels change?

People with underactive thyroids (hypothyroidism) may have too much TSH in their blood because there’s not enough T3 or T4 to tell the brain to stop making it. 

People with overactive thyroids, or hyperthyroidism, can have too much T3 and T4 in the blood, which blocks the brain from making TSH.

Levels can also change with each stage of life. TSH levels usually spike in newborn babies shortly after birth, for example.

In addition, TSH levels are lower during the first 3 months of pregnancy when the additional needs of the body result in changes to the thyroid’s anatomy and function. This is why TSH tests are performed during pregnancy.

## When would doctors measure my TSH?

There are 5 main reasons clinicians might measure TSH levels, according to Dr Guyomar:

1. To check for suspected thyroid dysfunction
2. To find out whether an abnormality in the secretion of thyroid hormones originates in the thyroid or the pituitary gland 
3. To check a thyroid disorder treatment is working
4. To monitor thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy 
5. To screen for congenital hypothyroidism in newborn babies

## How do doctors measure TSH?

Doctors use a blood test to measure TSH. Normal ranges vary but are between 0.5 mIU and 2.50 mIU per ml of blood.

People with high TSH levels may have hypothyroidism. In rare cases, it could be a sign of a pituitary gland tumour.

Low TSH is often a sign of hyperthyroidism. A second possibility is a toxic adenoma, which is an uncommon, non-cancerous tumour.

If TSH levels are too high or too low, doctors will usually carry out further tests, such as checking T3 and T4 levels, before making a diagnosis. 

They may also check for other thyroid antibodies, including.

- Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO), which can be a sign of Hashimoto disease or Graves’ disease
- Thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg), which can be a sign of Hashimoto disease 
- TSH receptor antibodies, which can be a sign of Graves’ disease

Read our [article on thyroid symptoms](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/thyroid-symptoms-overactive-underactive/) for more information on these thyroid-related disorders.

## Are thyroid problems hereditary?

Some forms of thyroid cancer, such as medullary thyroid cancer, are genetic, says Dr Guyomar.

‘There’s also a form of inheritance whereby members of the same family might have different thyroid problems, but the thyroid diseases can be different’ she says. ‘For example, a grandmother may have hyperthyroidism and a daughter may have hypothyroidism.’

## When should I speak to a doctor?

Anyone who has symptoms of an overactive or underactive thyroid should speak to a doctor. 

Typical symptoms of hypothyroidism are:

- Tiredness
- Muscle aches
- Weight gain
- A slow heart rate
- Sensitivity to cold

The most common symptoms of hyperthyroidism are:

- Sensitivity to heat
- Weight loss
- Anxiety
- Irritability
- An unusually fast heart rate
- Insomnia
- Shortness of breath 

‘In both cases, some psychological troubles, such as depression, could also be present,’ says Dr Guyomar. If you’re experiencing infertility issues, you should also request a thyroid check. 

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Céline Guyomar, a Livi medical doctor.__


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Livi.co.uk > Your health > Everything you need to know about the thyroid-stimulating hormone

Everything you need to know about the thyroid-stimulating hormone

Dr Céline Guyomar explains the role of the thyroid-stimulating hormone and how to spot the signs of a health issue. Learn more about your thyroid health with Kry.

Kry.co.uk > Your health > Everything you need to know about the thyroid-stimulating hormone

Doctor’s guide to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Kry UK

Whether you’re holidaying locally or travelling further afield, it’s important to be prepared with your packing. And at the top of your list should be a first aid kit to look after your family’s health on the go.      
While you can buy a variety of [ready-made first aid kits](https://www.sja.org.uk/shop-listing/?sortBy=Popularity&currentPageNumber=1&resultsPerPage=25&language=en-gb&productCategoryId=FAKITS&query=), it’s just as easy to create your own first aid travel pack tailored to your family’s planned activities, known allergies and individual needs. 

Not sure where to start? Here’s a useful checklist for what to take when heading out or away during the summer months.

## Water (bottle or flask)

Water is always a summer holiday essential – not only for its obvious purpose of keeping you hydrated but for washing any cuts and grazes. And it can be dabbed onto the skin to cool someone down if you think they may be suffering from heat exhaustion or [heatstroke](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/what-are-the-warning-signs-of-heatstroke/).

## Sun cream

To [enjoy the sun safely](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/how-to-enjoy-the-sun-safely-and-what-to-do-about-sunburn/), remember to pack sun cream with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 50+. Check that your sun cream protects against both UVA and UVB, and apply generously – especially on children, as their skin is sensitive and delicate. It’s best for young children to stay out of direct sunshine, especially in the heat of the day.

## Hand sanitiser

If you’re on the go, carry some hand sanitiser as you won’t always have access to running water to wash your hands. It’s also good to use after visiting crowded places or spending time in communal facilities. This helps to reduce the spread of any germs or viruses.

## Painkillers

It’s a sensible idea to pack some pain relief in your first aid kit. As well as easing pain, paracetamol helps relieve fever and body aches. Ibuprofen is another versatile painkiller for relieving sunburn, bites and general aches or pains. Because it’s anti-inflammatory, ibuprofen is great for muscle sprains too. Easy-to-swallow liquid pain relief is available for young children. Always read the packaging to check the recommended dosage.   

## Bandages and plasters

Accidents happen, especially with little ones making the most of outdoor fun. Pack a selection of bandages and waterproof plasters to have at the ready. It’s also worth including a few wound closure strips for any deeper cuts.

## Disinfectant

Before protecting any cuts and grazes, It’s handy to have something to clean the area with. Disinfectants used to clean wounds can soothe itching caused by [insect bites or stings](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/summer-bites-and-stings-a-guide-to-prevention-and-treatment/) too. This is important for reducing the risk of infection.

## Rehydration treatment

These sachets are made from a combination of sugar and salt. If someone has been vomiting or had a bad case of diarrhoea or sunstroke, rehydration treatment can help restore the fluid lost from their body. If this does not seem to help their symptoms, always seek medical advice.

## Small scissors

Nail scissors or ones that are pocket size will come in useful for cutting bandages or plasters to the right size. They are good to have on the go for trimming any broken fingernails or toenails too, which can cause nasty cuts either to yourself or someone else.

## Tweezers

Another really useful tool for removing splinters and thorns, usually found in hands and feet. Ticks can also be removed using tweezers. Grasp the head of the tick as close to the skin as possible and pull it out, slowly and steadily. Try to remove the whole tick, but if part of it remains in the skin, just leave it. Wash the bite area with soap and water or disinfectant.

## Freeze spray

Deep freeze spray for pain relief is a brilliant idea when you’re travelling and don’t have access to ice. It can relieve the pain of any pulled muscles and sprains. Check the instructions before use as some sprays are not suitable for young children. If that’s the case, it’s better to use a damp towel instead and apply a bandage to the affected area.

## Hydrocortisone cream

You can buy this over the counter to help relieve soreness and itching from insect bites and sunburn. This cream is not recommended for children younger than 2 years old, unless prescribed by a doctor.

## How a GP can help

If you’re not able to manage your family’s summer injuries and illnesses with a self-care first aid kit, speak to a GP to get further medical help. 

A doctor can make an individual assessment based on symptoms discussed during the appointment. They may decide to prescribe treatment or make a referral to see a specialist.    


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Livi.co.uk > Your health > Your summer first aid kit essentials

Your summer first aid kit essentials

How to keep you and your family safe during summer with an essential first aid kit 

Kry.co.uk > Your health > Your summer first aid kit essentials

Your essential family first aid kit for summer | Kry UK

With longer days and warmer weather, the summer months are the perfect time to take your fitness routine out into the open air. But if you don’t take care when exercising in the heat, you may be putting your health at risk. 

‘Exercise stresses the body in a beneficial way,’ says Dr Menon. ‘But aggravating this stress by exercising in the heat, or without proper hydration, puts excessive pressure on our body’s defence mechanisms and can result in heat exhaustion – or worse, heatstroke.’ 

## What happens to our bodies when we exercise in warmer temperatures? 

When you exercise, your demand for oxygen increases – you breathe faster and your heart pumps more blood around your body to aid your muscles. As a result, you produce more heat and your core temperature rises. 

‘To regulate our core temperature, we dilate our blood vessels (creating a greater surface area for heat loss) and we sweat,’ explains Dr Menon. ‘As your sweat evaporates, it takes heat with it. If we’re in the sun or in a hot environment, our bodies have to do even more of this, mainly by sweating more.’

## How can I exercise safely in the heat?

Here are some simple ways to stay safe while you’re exercising in hot weather: 

#### 1. Be extra diligent about drinking water
[Staying hydrated is really important](/your-health/why-is-hydration-so-important-a-doctors-guide/) when exercising in the heat. As you work out, you need to drink fluids to replenish what you’ve lost in sweat. ‘If you’re exercising for prolonged periods and sweating a lot, you should also replace the salt you’ve lost by drinking a sports or electrolytes drink,’ recommends Dr Menon. 

#### 2.	Protect your skin with SPF
Dr Menon says that it’s important to wear sunscreen during your outdoor workouts to protect your skin. [Sunburn not only increases your skin cancer risk](/your-health/how-to-enjoy-the-sun-safely-and-what-to-do-about-sunburn/), but it can also affect your body’s ability to cool down.  Apply a high-factor SPF sunscreen liberally 20 to 30 minutes before exercising in the heat. Make sure you choose a sunscreen that has both UVA and UVB protection. 

#### 3.	Work out at the right time
When it’s really hot, try exercising in the morning or later in the evening to avoid the heat and humidity of midday. If possible, exercise in shady areas and take time to rest, hydrate and cool down. 

#### 4.	Choose kit that will keep you cool and dry 
Opt for clothes that are breathable, light-coloured and lightweight. ‘These will allow sweat to evaporate, so you can cool down,’ explains Dr Menon. ‘If clothes are heavy or tight-fitting, your body is unable to cool down as effectively.’

#### 5.	Let your body get acclimatised to the heat 
The heat and humidity will affect your workout, so it’s important to listen to your body. It may take a few weeks for your body to acclimatise to the heat,  so start slowly with shorter and less intense workouts. As you get used to the heat, you may find yourself responding better to it – your body may start sweating earlier to help you cool down,  and over time, your heart rate may not rise quite as high during your workouts. 

‘Take it easier in the sun so you don’t push yourself beyond your limits,’ says Dr Menon.

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry.__


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Kry.co.uk > Your health > Exercising in the heat – a doctor’s guide

Exercising in the heat – a doctor’s guide

If you don’t take care when exercising in the heat, you may be putting your health at risk. Read our Lead GP’s advice on how to exercise in the heat safely.

Doctor’s guide to exercising in the heat | Kry UK

In the UK, over [30,000 people will have a cardiac arrest](https://www.bhf.org.uk/what-we-do/policy-and-public-affairs/transforming-healthcare/out-of-hospital-cardiac-arrests) outside of hospital, where emergency medical services will attempt to resuscitate them. Just 1 in 10 people will survive.

CPR and access to defibrillators can double the chances of someone surviving – and this is why it’s so important for everyone to learn how to do CPR.

## How to do CPR

The aim of CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is to pump blood around the person's body when their heart has stopped beating. CPR needs to be started as soon as possible to give the best chance of survival.

1. Call 999 or 112, or ask someone nearby to call for an ambulance. The operator will get you to check whether the person is definitely unconscious and not breathing, before talking you through the steps of how to do CPR.

2. Make sure the person is lying on their back, tilt their head back, and check their airways are clear.

3. Place the heel of one of your hands in the centre of their chest. Place your other hand on top, with your fingers interlocked.

4. Push the chest down (about 5cm) and continue with a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute. That’s about two per second. Giving chest compressions is hard work, so ask someone else to take over if you are exhausted.

5. Continue to give CPR until the person is breathing on their own or until paramedics arrive. And if you can, ask someone nearby to find a defibrillator. 

[This website](https://www.heartsafe.org.uk/aed-locations) shows where your nearest defibrillator is in the UK. All defibrillators have clear instructions and can be used by anyone.

## Is it safe to do CPR with COVID restrictions?

Before the outbreak of COVID, medical advice on how to do CPR included rescue breaths. Since then, there have been a few important changes - to keep everyone safe and prevent the spread of coronavirus – recommended by the [Resuscitation Council UK ](https://www.resus.org.uk)

Their following advice summarises what has changed since the previous advice on how to do CPR.

- Don't put your face close to theirs. If you think there's risk of infection, use a towel or a piece of clothing and lay it over their mouth and nose
- Give chest compressions only - do not give rescue breaths
- Continue with chest compressions until an ambulance arrives
- After the ambulance crew have taken over, wash your hands thoroughly with soap or an alcohol based gel

## Who can I talk to afterwards?

If you or someone you know has had a cardiac arrest, you might feel traumatised afterwards. Talking to a psychologist about your experience may help your recovery.

This may also be the case if you were with someone who had a cardiac arrest and you had to give them CPR. It often helps to talk to someone about your experience. 

There might be a chance to talk through what happened with the ambulance staff or medical professionals.

## How can Kry help?

The most important thing to do in a life or death situation is to call 999 immediately. And then start CPR if you can. If you or someone close to you has suffered a cardiac arrest and needs support, we can help.

A doctor will make an individual assessment based on your symptoms and personal experience, then you may be prescribed treatment or referred for further care. 


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Kry.co.uk > Your health > Learn how to do CPR – a step-by-step guide

Learn how to do CPR – a step-by-step guide

Get advice from the experts at Kry on how to perform CPR for a cardiac arrest. 

A guide on how to do CPR | Kry UK

kry.co.uk > medical reviewer

Rhianna-headshot

Dr Rhianna McClymont

Lead GP, Kry

Dry skin and dry hands are very common skin concerns which can appear at any age. It’s not usually a serious problem, but can be troublesome and is sometimes associated with other medical conditions like e[czema](/medical-advice/skin-conditions/eczema/), contact dermatitis and psoriasis.

‘Dry skin can usually be managed with good moisturising habits,’ explains Dr Rhianna McClymont. ‘Although for some people dry skin can lead to other problems. If your dry skin is causing you distress, it’s best to speak to a doctor for advice and possible treatments.’

## What causes dry skin?

Our skin is made up of many different layers and forms a natural barrier to protect our body from the outside environment.

To help prevent the outer layer from losing water, the skin produces an oily substance called sebum. If your skin doesn’t have enough sebum, it can lose water and start to feel dry.

Here are some of the most common causes of dry skin and dry hands.

__Too much heat__ – this could also be in cooler months from central heating or fireplaces.

__Having regular hot showers or baths__ – and excessive handwashing or scrubbing of the skin.

__Using harsh soaps or cleaning products__ – these can remove the protective layer of oil from your skin.

__Swimming pools__ – especially if your skin is particularly sensitive to chlorine.

__Environmental changes__ – either very hot, dry weather or lots of exposure to wind and sun as this can evaporate water from the skin.

__Age__ – the skin naturally produces less oil as you get older.

__Medical conditions__ like eczema or [psoriasis](/medical-advice/skin-conditions/psoriasis/).

## Why do I get dry hands?

We use our hands a lot during the day and this makes the skin more vulnerable. Our hands are also more exposed to irritants like the cold, heat, pollution and dirt – these all weaken the skin’s natural barrier and cause the skin to dry out. Although having dry hands is not harmful, it can cause lots of irritation, especially when our hands become extremely dry, itchy or chapped.

Most cases of dry hands are due to a change in weather conditions – this is why we often experience [dry skin in winter](/your-health/7-winter-skin-questions-answered/). If your dry skin is caused by a medical condition like eczema, you’re likely to experience dry skin all year round.

It can be difficult to avoid exposing your hands to heat, chemicals and cleaning products and so this is another cause of sudden dry skin on the hands.

## Symptoms of dry skin and dry hands

- Scaly patches of skin
- Peeling or flaky skin – often visible on a dry scalp
- Red or cracked – very common on dry hands
- Feels rough to the touch
- Inflamed and itchy skin

‘Symptoms of dry skin can vary from person to person from a mild isolated patch of flaky skin to widespread and extensive scaly, rough or reddened patches of skin. In people with more extensive symptoms, their dry skin may actually be a sign of a medical condition such as eczema or psoriasis, and scaly skin can be a [sign of actinic keratoses](/medical-advice/skin-conditions/actinic-keratoses/),’ says Dr McClymont.

‘It’s usually easy to treat dry skin yourself, but if you’ve tried self-management and are still struggling with your skin, speaking to a doctor can help to exclude other conditions which may require prescription creams.’

## How to treat dry skin

Using an emollient (moisturiser) regularly will be enough to help most cases of dry and dehydrated skin. Emollient creams and lotions are used to soothe and hydrate the skin and can significantly help reduce dryness and itching.

Apply a moisturiser directly to the skin and use it throughout the day to reduce water loss, especially if you’re struggling with dry hands. If you’re not sure which moisturiser is best for your skin type, check with a doctor or pharmacist.

If you experience regular flare-ups of eczema and are not able to get relief from moisturisers alone, a mild steroid cream can be bought over the counter. If this still doesn’t work, a GP can prescribe a stronger cream. 

## How to prevent dry skin

There are lots of lifestyle changes that can help prevent outbreaks of dry skin. These are worth trying if you’re prone.

- Keep your skin moisturised with an emollient cream or lotion
- Drink plenty of water to keep your skin hydrated
- Avoid harsh soaps and bubble baths
- Wear protective gloves while using cleaning products
- Reduce the length of your shower or bath
- During colder months, remember to wear gloves outside and while inside, try placing a damp towel on a warm radiator to increase the humidity of the air

## Dry skin in babies and children

Babies and children tend to have more delicate skin than adults – and can be more sensitive to environmental changes. This may make them even more prone to moisture loss, which means their skin can dry out quickly.

‘It’s common for children and babies to develop dry skin, and the same advice for adults applies to children too. When bathing children, make the water lukewarm and opt for a fragrant free, soap-free wash,’ Dr McClymont advises.

‘Gently pat them dry afterwards and then immediately apply moisturisers to the skin to seal in moisture. Using a humidifier in the nursery may also help to prevent the skin drying out if your child suffers with persistent dry skin,’ adds Dr McClymont.

## Should I see a doctor about dry skin? 

Usually, dry skin can be treated at home or with help from an over-the-counter cream. But you should see a GP if...

- If you’ve already tried a variety of over-the-counter products and are still struggling to control your dry skin, or your child’s dry skin
- If your skin has become cracked, sore and painful
- If your dry skin is affecting your daily activities and causing you frequent distress
- If there are any signs of skin infection – this can appear as discharge from the skin, or hot and swollen patches of dry skin.


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Kry.co.uk > Your health > What causes dry skin? And how to treat it

Person treating dry skin with moisturiser

 What causes dry skin? And how to treat it

A guide on how to spot symptoms of dry skin, possible causes and expert advice on how to prevent and treat dry skin

What causes dry skin? And how to treat it | Kry UK

Vasovagal syncope is the medical term for fainting caused by not enough blood reaching the brain. It can affect a lot of people and has many different symptoms. Most of the time it’s not a serious condition but it’s important to monitor it, especially if you experience regular fainting. 

## What is vasovagal syncope?

Vasovagal syncope is caused by a sudden and temporary drop in your blood pressure and heart rate. This is the result of hyperstimulation of the vagus nerve, hence the term ‘vasovagal episode’. The vagus nerve plays an important role in the healthy functioning of the body. It is involved in the regulation of our breathing, digestive system, blood pressure and heart rate.

The [drop in blood pressure](/your-health/are-my-blood-pressure-levels-healthy-a-doctors-guide/) causes the blood flow to our brain to lower, and this can make us feel temporarily unwell, or experience a brief loss of consciousness. This is known as syncope – or fainting.

Although vasovagal syncope in itself is harmless, it’s really the circumstances in which it occurs that can make it dangerous. Losing consciousness can lead to a traumatic fall or even a fatal accident, like while driving a car.

This phenomenon is very common among younger people aged 15-30, and especially women. 

## What are the symptoms of vasovagal syncope?

Vasovagal syncope usually sets in gradually but can also happen very suddenly. Before a vasovagal episode you might experience nausea, turning pale and sweating. Then, other symptoms gradually appear:

- Blurred vision
- Ringing in the ears (surrounding noises become almost inaudible)
- Dizziness
- Heart palpitations
- Tremors
- An inability to speak
- Diarrhoea or abdominal pain
- Headaches
- Weakness in the legs 
- A loss of consciousness lasting a few seconds

Some symptoms, like [headaches](/your-health/9-types-of-headache-and-what-you-can-do/) or severe fatigue, may last for several hours after the vasovagal episode. 

## What causes vasovagal syncope?

Vasovagal syncope is a frequent phenomenon and has many causes. There are physical triggers: 

- The sight of blood (from wounds or blood tests, for example)
- Standing for a long time
- A sharp pain
- Intense fatigue
- Extreme heat
- Intense effort (from exercise, for example)
- Prolonged fasting
- Motion sickness
- A lack of ventilation in a crowded environment

In addition to these physical factors, there are psychological factors like strong emotions or high stress levels. 

In some cases, the drop in blood pressure may be a result of standing up too fast. This is more common in older people, as the vagus nerve's regulatory system can fatigue over time.

Certain drugs, especially those used for high blood pressure, can also trigger syncope.

There’s no treatment to prevent vasovagal syncope. The only solution is to avoid known triggers like stressful situations, prolonged fasting and lack of ventilation. 

## What to do if someone faints

When the first symptoms appear, the most important thing is to help regulate the blood flow by sitting the person down. If you can, lay the person down with their legs slightly elevated with a cushion. This will allow blood to flow back to the brain.

If you’re experiencing symptoms of vasovagal syncope, let the people around you know how you’re feeling. If you’re unable to sit down – like if you’re standing on public transport – ask for support to avoid a sudden fall.

In the majority of cases, the person experiencing a vasovagal episode will come round quickly after losing consciousness. If this is the case, reassure them when they wake up and encourage them to lie down for at least 10 minutes with their legs elevated. 

If you think the person has lost consciousness for too long, there are certain signs to look out for indicating you should get emergency help. These include:

- Not regaining consciousness
- Not breathing
- An irregular, very slow or even absent pulse

## How long does it take to recover from 

Although vasovagal syncope may seem alarming, the episode is usually brief. The accompanying symptoms usually disappear quickly. It may take a good 15 minutes before the blood flow to the brain is restored and this depends on the triggering event.

To recover more quickly from a vasovagal episode:

- Sit or lie down 
- Contract the muscles of the legs and arms for 30 seconds and then release, to boost blood flow. You can repeat this process as many times as necessary 

## What to do if this is happening regularly 

Vasovagal syncope usually recurs when a person is exposed to the same trigger. But this may indicate underlying problems, so you should always get medical advice if you suffer from recurrent fainting.


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Vasovagal syncope is a common condition that causes us to faint as a result of our body overreacting to certain triggers, like the sight of blood or extreme stress. Here’s what you need to know 

Vasovagal syncope is the medical term for fainting caused by not enough blood reaching the brain. Discover what triggers fainting and what you can do.

How to deal with frequent fainting (vasovagal syncope) | Kry UK

What causes fainting and what helps? Guide to vasovagal syncope

Want to know the answer to what drives your appetite? It may not be down to a lack of willpower – it could actually be your hormones. Hormones play a key role in regulating your mood and improving your sleep, but they also have a significant effect on your appetite and eating behaviour and can help you [maintain a healthy body weight](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-sustainable-and-healthy-weight-loss-according-to-a-doctor/). 

The key hormones involved in regulating your body’s appetite are ghrelin, which causes hunger pangs, and leptin, which tells your brain when you’ve eaten enough. 

‘Hormones that affect your appetite are an extremely complicated area of research, involving so many different factors,’ says Dr Guyomar. Here, she shares how they work and the lifestyle factors that will help to keep them working in harmony. 

## What is ghrelin?

Known as the ‘hunger hormone’, ghrelin stimulates your appetite by signalling to your brain it’s time to eat. As well as making you want to eat more food, it also promotes fat storage. Ghrelin is produced in the stomach with smaller amounts secreted by the brain, small intestine and pancreas. 

‘Although ghrelin is known for its role in stimulating appetite, it’s also involved in regulating glucose and insulin, taste sensation, and sleep,’ says Dr Guyomar. Ghrelin also encourages and increases the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland, which helps maintain your metabolism, breaks down body fat and builds up muscles. 

## What causes ghrelin’s levels to rise and fall?

Levels of ghrelin will naturally change significantly throughout the day, [rising dramatically before a meal and then falling after eating](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07853890601149179).  When your stomach is empty, ghrelin is released and travels through your bloodstream to the hypothalamus region of the brain, where it stimulates neurons to signal hunger. 

Diets and fasting can also make your ghrelin levels rise. When we restrict calories and lose weight as a result, ghrelin levels increase significantly. [One study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12023994/)  found there was a 24% rise in ghrelin levels in participants on a six-month diet. 

‘Levels of ghrelin in the blood increase during dieting or fasting and this could explain why it’s difficult to achieve long-term weight-loss results from these methods,’ Dr Guyomar says. 

‘People who suffer from [anorexia nervosa](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/anorexia-nervosa/) [an eating disorder where you feel a need to keep your weight as low as possible] also have higher levels of ghrelin.’ 

## What is leptin? 

Leptin is produced by the body’s fat-storing cells and plays an important role in managing your appetite by signalling to the brain when you’re full. It also helps to regulate your [body weight and metabolism](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17212793/).  

‘Leptin has many other roles within the body, like regulating your reproductive system, and it has vast effects on the immune system,’ says Dr Guyomar. 

## What affects leptin levels? 

The level of leptin in your bloodstream is directly proportional to the amount of body fat you have. When your body fat goes up, your leptin levels will rise. Similarly, when your body fat goes down, your leptin levels will fall. 

‘People with a higher body mass index [BMI] and more body fat have an increase of leptin circulating in their blood,’ says Dr Guyomar. 

But sometimes the brain doesn’t respond to even the highest levels of leptin. This is known as ‘leptin resistance’ and means that the brain never receives the message that the stomach is full and instead assumes it’s starving. This can result in a continuous cycle of eating more and gaining weight.

## Why is it important for ghrelin and leptin to work in harmony? 

Do you often feel hungry after a meal? The balance of ghrelin and leptin is crucial for the body’s appetite to function normally. The hormones work in partnership with one another to help you eat the right amount – with ghrelin increasing your appetite and leptin helping you feel satisfied. When the balance of hormones is altered, your ability to eat when you’re hungry and stop when you’re full may be jeopardised. 

‘A balance between ghrelin and leptin is essential in maintaining a healthy body weight,’ says Dr Guyomar. ‘An imbalance of ghrelin and leptin may lead to significant weight gain or loss.’ An imbalance of these hormones has also been [associated with eating and mood disorders](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555906/).  

## Are there any other hormones that affect our appetite?

Other hormones that may affect your appetite include: 

### Cortisol 

Often known as the stress hormone, cortisol is released when your body is under stress, which can increase appetite and cause you to overeat. [One study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11070333/) found participants who were under stress ate more and craved sugary foods 

### Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) 

This gut hormone is released from the pancreas after eating and can reduce appetite

### Female sex hormones 

The female sex hormones play essential roles in regulating appetite. Studies have found  that progesterone and testosterone stimulate appetite, while oestrogen inhibits it. 

## How can I balance my appetite hormones?

These simple lifestyle changes can help you keep your appetite hormones in check and maintain a healthy weight. 

### 1. Prioritise sleep 

Not getting enough sleep on a regular basis can lower leptin levels and elevate ghrelin levels, increasing your appetite. Try and get at least 7-8 hours of sleep daily. 

### 2. Eat a high-protein breakfast 

Always hungry after breakfast? A high-protein diet may leave you feeling fuller for longer and control your hunger. 

### 3. Forget about crash diets 

Drastic weight changes and crash diets can disrupt your key appetite hormones. Dieters who have lost weight tend to have higher ghrelin levels, so are more likely to return to their old eating habits and gain weight after dieting. A balanced diet can help you maintain a healthy weight and balance your hormones. 

### 4. Practise mindful eating 

It’s no secret that eating slowly may help you feel full faster, but it may also improve your appetite hormone responses. By slowing down and taking the time to enjoy food, you’re less likely to eat more than you need.

### 5. Move more

Not only can physical activity help maintain a healthy weight and [reduce leptin resistance](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3115604/),  but it can also reduce your risk of major illnesses, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and strokes. Incorporate more movement and exercise into your daily life with activities like cycling or walking. 

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Céline Guyomar, a Livi medical doctor.__


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What you need to know about hunger hormones

Dr Céline Guyomar, a Kry medical doctor, explains everything you need to know about the key appetite hormones and how to keep them in balance

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What you need to know about hunger hormones | Kry UK

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