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General health

If you’ve ever glanced at your tissue after blowing your nose, you may have noticed all sorts of colours and textures. In fact, the colour of your snot can give you some clues about your overall health. 

So, what exactly is snot? Snot, the sticky substance that comes out of your nose during a cold, is just another term for mucus. Mucus is essentially a thick, jelly-like substance that lines your eyes, sinuses, nose, mouth, lungs and stomach. 

Mucus plays a vital role in your body. It’s your body’s first line of [defence in fighting infection](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6435297/) because it contains antibodies, which trigger a reaction to ward off viruses and bacteria. 

![Snot colour chart](//images.ctfassets.net/h8qzhh7m9m8u/2M6RJGaxdf8m5E9lpeFsn6/7b31a5a072f8ff73f2e76a2b9080405f/what_does_my_snot_colour_mean__Inographic.png)

## What do different snot colours mean?
### 1. Clear snot
Clear snot is generally considered the norm. Snot is mainly made up of [water](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/nose-secretion), but it also contains proteins and salts. 

But clear snot that’s runny could be a sign of allergies, like [hay fever](/your-health/hay-fever-signs-and-treatment/), or even the start of a cold. 

Hay fever is just one type of allergic rhinitis, which is inflammation of the inside of the nose caused by something you’re allergic to. Your immune system reacts to an allergen, such as mould, pollen, grass, dust mites or pet dander. Common symptoms include a runny or [blocked nose](/your-health/how-to-get-rid-of-a-blocked-nose-a-doctors-best-tips/), sneezing, and itchy watery red eyes. 

If your symptoms are disrupting your sleep and everyday activities, speak to a doctor. 

### 2. Yellow snot
Yellow snot is a sign that your body is probably fighting an infection. The yellow tinge comes from your white blood cells, which rush to the site of infection as an immune response to the infection. 

It’s a good idea to make sure you’re drinking enough water and getting enough rest to allow your body to recover. 

If your cold or infection is persistent and isn’t going away, a green or yellow discharge from the nose can also be a symptom of [sinusitis](/medical-advice/ent/acute-sinusitis/). Other symptoms can include: 
- A high temperature
- Pain, pressure and/or tenderness around your eyes, forehead or cheeks
- Bad breath
- Loss of smell
- Toothache
- A blocked nose 

Speak to a doctor if your symptoms are severe, like an uncontrollable high temperature or bleeding from the nose, or if they haven’t improved after 7 days. You should also speak to them if you’re experiencing recurrent episodes of sinusitis.

### 3. Green snot 
Have the contents of your nose turned green? Or are you coughing up green mucus? Thick green snot is also a common symptom when your body is working hard to fight off an infection. 

The green colour comes from dead white blood cells that have been battling an infection, and other waste products being flushed out of your body.

If your symptoms continue to get worse or don’t get better after seven days, speak to a doctor. 

### 4. Pink or red snot
Ever noticed pink or red mucus after blowing your nose? It’s usually no cause for alarm – blood in your snot typically means that your nasal passage is dry, irritated or damaged. This can occur with allergies or viral infections due to using nasal sprays or blowing your nose frequently. 

You may also notice pink or red snot after a nosebleed. 

### 5. Brown snot
Brown snot may be a result of dried blood that has been sitting in your nasal passage for a while. It could also be caused by inhaling something brown or red, such as dirt or smoke. For example, you may notice brown snot after walking around a busy city.

If you have regular nose bleeds and frequently see a lot of blood in your snot, speak to your doctor. If you notice that you’re coughing up brown or blood-stained phlegm, you should see a doctor because this can sometimes be an indicator of [pneumonia](/medical-advice/respiratory-system/pneumonia/) or bronchitis. 

### 6. Black snot 
While you may notice that you have black snot if you smoke or are somewhere with heavy air pollution, it can also be a sign of a serious [fungal infection](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551496/). 

Fungal infections can affect people who are immunocompromised, so it’s important to speak to a doctor.  

### 7. White snot
Have you ever noticed that your snot is white when you’re feeling congested? White snot can be a sign of a cold, nasal infection or allergy. When your nasal passage gets inflamed, your snot loses its water content and moisture – making it cloudy and thick. 

You may also experience other accompanying symptoms, like coughing, congestion, a high temperature or a sore throat. 

If you have asthma and are producing lots of [white, grey or clear phlegm](https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/respiratory-examination/sputum-types/), it could be an indication that your airways are inflamed and your asthma symptoms are getting worse. 

## When to contact a doctor 
You should make an appointment to speak to a doctor if: 
- Your symptoms are not improving after 7 days 
- You have a persistently high temperature 
- You have very dark, thick or bloodstained mucus
- You have been coughing for 3 weeks or more 

If you’re having difficulty breathing, go to A&E immediately.

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Bryony Henderson, Lead GP at Kry.__

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kry.co.uk > article page > What does my snot colour mean?

what does my snot colour mean

Your snot colour can tell you a lot about your overall health. Whether it’s green, yellow, brown or black, here’s what the different colours really mean. 

What does the colour of your snot mean? | Kry UK

kry.co.uk > medical reviewer

Dr Bryony

Dr Bryony Henderson

Lead GP at Kry

General health and seasonal

What does the colour of your snot mean?

Although hay fever may be nothing more than a few sniffles for some kids, it can be really challenging for others. [Research](https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/10/e012637.short) has shown that hay fever symptoms can put a real burden on children’s mental health and wellbeing. 

Having [hay fever](/medical-advice/allergies-intolerances/hay-fever/) can make it hard to play outdoors, go to school, and even sleep. Most of the time, symptoms can be controlled with the right medicine, but it helps to have a few management strategies up your sleeve too.

## How common is hay fever in children?

Hay fever in children under the age of three is rare, but from that age and up, hay fever becomes more common. At least [1 in 10 children](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9474895/) experience hay fever at some point. Many people find that their hay fever settles down as they get older – this may be due to changes in our immune response as we age. 

## How can I help my child cope with hay fever?

Here are a few tips to make hay fever season easier for your youngster. 

### Make taking medicine fun

Antihistamine medication is a key part of managing your child’s hay fever. But giving young children medication isn’t always easy. It’s natural for some kids to refuse things like eye drops and syringes, even after you’ve explained they’ll help.

Sometimes it helps if a teddy bear goes first. Pretend one of your child’s favourite teddies has hay fever too and ‘give them’ some medicine. A little game of make believe can help ease any fear or anxiety. You can also try letting your child play with a clean, empty version of their medication so they can treat teddy too. 

### Bring the outdoors indoors 

When the pollen count spikes, taking playtime indoors is smart. But if your child is really keen on playing outside, they may feel like they’re missing out. 

Try bringing some outdoor activities inside. You can go ‘camping’ by draping a sheet over the kitchen table to build a tent. Or start an indoor garden and grow some (low pollen) plants, like rosemary. A small indoor trampoline can also be a great way to get kids active inside. 

### Rinse away the pollen
Pollen is made up of tiny particles that float in the air and stick easily to clothes. So during pollen season, give bath time extra priority.

Have your child wash their hands, face and hair straight away after they’ve spent time outdoors. When pollen count is high, like on hot or windy days, make sure your child has a thorough bath or shower so they’re squeaky clean. Eye drops can also help rinse away any pollen trapped in the eyes.

### Ask a doctor for advice

Hay fever medicine comes in lots of different forms. If you’ve tried a few kinds and your child still has symptoms, it may be a good idea to speak to a professional. 

Sometimes it helps to switch medicines or combine several of them. A Kry GP can give you advice on medication and how best to take the medicine. 

Also, remember that children with pollen allergies have a greater risk of developing [asthma](/medical-advice/respiratory-conditions/asthma/) than those without. Contact a doctor if your child makes wheezing sounds when breathing, is wheezing or has a [cough](/medical-advice/respiratory-conditions/cough/) that varies over time and in intensity.

If your child has bad hay fever, you can also ask a doctor for a doctor's certificate to give to their school. 

### More tips and tricks for managing children with hay fever

Here are a few more tactics to keep in mind during hay fever season:

- Vacuum at least once a week – don’t forget bedding, mattresses, and bed bases
- If you’ve got removable carpets in your home, put them away during pollen season
- Dry your laundry indoors
- Shut car windows when you’re driving through pollen heavy areas like parks
- If you’re going on holiday, consider areas with low pollen like the mountains, coast, or cities

With the right management, hay fever doesn’t have to take over your child’s spring and summer. If you’ve got any questions about helping control your child’s symptoms, speak to a GP for advice. 

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Bryony Henderson, Lead GP at Kry.__

kry.co.uk > Article page > A guide to managing hay fever in children

NO pollen allergy and children 2100x1200

Hay fever season coincides with the time of year when children love being outside. Here are a doctor's tips for managing your child’s hay fever symptoms.

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A guide to managing hay fever in children | Kry UK

A guide to managing hay fever in children

When your lower back is hurting, simple activities like sitting or moving around can be uncomfortable. That’s when you notice how important the lower back really is – it’s switched on and working in most of our daily activities.

Most of us experience back pain at some point, whether it’s related to an injury, bad posture, or stress. Lower back pain is the most common type, but regular stretching and exercise can both prevent and ease the pain.

## What causes lower back pain?

At least 4 in 5 visits to the doctor for lower back pain have no obvious cause. This is known as non-specific lower back pain, and it usually gets better with time. 

Common triggers for an episode of back pain include:

- A strain or sprain from lifting something awkwardly
- Bad posture, especially when sitting for long periods
- Stress and tension, which can make existing back pain worse

Occasionally lower back pain is caused by a medical condition. A slipped disc is when your spine has moved out of place and usually causes severe pain. This can lead to another type of pain called sciatica. Sciatica can also be triggered by infections, osteoarthritis, or stenosis.

## Lower back pain in women 

There are specific causes of lower back pain that affect women:

__Endometriosis__ – a condition where tissue from the uterus starts growing on the ovaries, bowels or pelvis, which can cause mild to severe pain

__Ovarian cyst__ – usually harmless, these cysts only cause pain if they have grown very large or ruptured, which is when they need treating 

__Menopause__ – lower levels of hormones like estrogen after menopause may affect pain sensitivity and can contribute to changes in the spine, leaving you more prone to injury 

Period pain – it’s not fully understood why menstruation can cause back pain, but it’s a common symptom and may relate to hormone changes

## Why is lower back pain so common? 

The lower part of your back supports the weight of your upper body, both when you’re moving and sitting. Over time, stress to the area can cause general wear and tear, or injuries to your spine or muscles.

Your body weight is also an important stress factor for your lower back. If you’re heavier, it means there is more strain on your spine and your muscles have to work harder to stay balanced and support your posture. One study found that although long periods of sitting don’t cause back pain on their own, having a higher body mass index (BMI) could lead to symptoms.

## Why having a strong back is important 

When your muscles are in good shape, they support the joints and encourage a normal range of motion. When it comes to the lower back, this includes your balance and posture.

A stronger back helps us lift things and walk, and supports our posture during long hours spent sitting. Not only does this protect against injuries or falls, but a large-scale study found that strength training reduces aches and pains. 

It’s important to include other muscles involved in core strength, like your glutes, which are the large buttock muscles that power lots of movements. 

## 6 stretches and exercises to relieve lower back pain

There are lots of benefits to getting stronger, like healthier bones and better balance. If you want to lower your risk of chronic pain or injuries, the best approach is to do exercises that include your whole body and build strength slowly, like swimming, yoga or pilates.

Some specific stretches and exercises can protect against lower back pain and relieve it. If you’re already having trouble with your back then it’s important to listen to your symptoms and start slowly.

Repeat these exercises every day, starting with the strength-building exercises (1-3) and ending with stretches (4-6).

### Exercises for your lower back

### 1. Bridges 

Weakness in the glutes can cause lower back pain. Bridges work this large muscle group, which will help stabilise the hips and lower back.

1. Lie down with your feet on the floor, spaced as wide as your hips.
2. Place your arms by your side, with your palms down. Keeping your shoulders firmly on the ground, press into your feet to lift your hips into the air.
3. Hold for 10-15 seconds.
4. Repeat 8-15 times, before resting for 1 minute.
5. Start again, repeating up to 3 times. 

### 2. Half crunches
This exercise activates the abdominal muscles, which keep you stable and support the back. 

1. Lie down with your feet flat on the floor, feet hip-width apart. 
2. Place your hands on your chest with your arms crossed.
3. Breathe in. As you breathe out, tense your abdominal muscles. 
4. Lift your shoulders off the ground by a few inches, in one smooth movement. Avoid rounding your neck. 
5. Slowly return to the starting position, resisting your body weight as you lower back down.
6. Repeat 8-10 times before resting for 1 minute. 
7. Start again, repeating up to 3 times. 

### 3. Tummy tilts

This exercises the muscles that support the spine, which can help protect it and prevent injury. It’s a lower intensity movement, but it should engage all your core muscles at once. 

1. Lie down with your feet on the floor, spaced as wide as your hips.
2. Place your arms by your sides in a relaxed position. 
3. Breathe in deeply. As you exhale, pull your stomach in as if you were trying to touch your belly button to your spine. Keep your hips still. 
4. Hold for 5 seconds.
5. Repeat up to 5 times.

### Stretches for your lower back

### 4. Cat-cow

This helps stretch and warm up the abdominals and lower back muscles. It’s good to do this one before and after exercise or whenever you feel achy. 

1. Start on your hands and knees, with your hands directly below your shoulders and your knees below your hips. 
2. Gently round your spine, tucking your chin in towards your chest and your pelvis under your hips, so you can feel a stretch along your back. 
3. Slowly return to a neutral position.
4. Reverse the motion by arching your back, pushing your chest toward the ground and lifting your chin to look upward.
5. Repeat 5-10 times.

### 5. Knee rolls 

This stretch encourages mobility in the hips and lower back. You can do it on the floor or your bed. 

1. Lie down on your back with your feet on the floor and your knees pointing upward.
2. Keeping your feet on the floor, slowly lean both knees to the same side.
3. Hold for a few sections and then repeat on the other side.
4. Repeat 5-10 times.

### 6. Knee hugs

This stretch helps to counteract strains caused by hyperextension in the lower back muscles and creates space between the vertebrae. You can do it on the floor or your bed. 

1. Lie down and hug your knees into your chest.
2. Hold for up to 20 seconds. You can place your hands over your knees and raise your head off the ground to increase the stretch, squeezing yourself into a ball. 
3. Slowly release.

## When to speak to a doctor about lower back pain

Mild lower back pain is usually nothing to worry about and should go away on its own, especially with regular stretching and exercise. 

Speak to a doctor if: 

- Your pain doesn’t get better or worsens
- It stops you from doing your daily activities
- You feel worried about the pain
- You develop incontinence or numbness when you wipe your bottom

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Bryony Henderson, Lead GP at Kry.__


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Kry.co.uk > Your health > 6 stretches and exercises that help with lower back pain

Back pain

When lower back pain strikes, it can be miserable. Try these simple exercises to help you find relief from the comfort of your home 

Kry.co.uk > Meta info > Back pain

6 stretches and exercises that help with lower back pain | Kry UK

6 stretches and exercises that help with lower back pain

There are a few different types of stroke, but the signs to look out for are the same – although in some cases of stroke the signs are less obvious. Any stroke is a medical emergency and should be dealt with immediately by calling 999.

## What causes a stroke?

[85% of strokes happen when blood flow to the brain is blocked](https://www.stroke.org.uk/what-is-stroke/types-of-stroke/ischaemic-stroke). These are called ischaemic strokes. An ischaemic stroke is damaging because our brain cells need oxygen from our blood to survive, so without it, they find it harder to function, or stop working altogether. Damage to brain cells can have a range of effects on the body’s ability to work properly and can lead to mental and cognitive decline.

A hemorrhagic stroke happens when one of the arteries in the brain bursts. This causes bleeding in the brain where it shouldn’t, causing added pressure inside the skull and preventing other areas of the brain from receiving enough blood – depriving the brain cells of oxygen.

‘If an ischaemic stroke is identified and treated very quickly then medicine can be given to dissolve the clot and restore blood flow to the brain. This can prevent damage to the brain and so avert long-term physical symptoms,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry.  

## What are the important signs of a stroke?

It’s really important to know the stroke signs and symptoms because recovery can depend on how quickly the people around the patient react.

‘The symptoms of a stroke can be hard to spot, and the person having a stroke might be unable to communicate with you. There’s also the possibility of a silent stroke with no visible stroke symptoms.’

Dr Rhianna McClymont shares the warning signs of a stroke:

- __Paralysis__ on one side of the body

- __Weakness and numbness__

- __Changes to facial appearance__ – facial droop stroke symptoms include an inability to move the mouth on one side, and having the eye and mouth on that side ‘droop’ downwards

- __Communication problems__ – they might not be able to speak. Speech related signs of having a stroke can lead to the person being hard to understand, as their speech is slurred or garbled

- __Confusion__ – they may not be able to understand what you’re saying

- __Lack of coordination__- falling over because of dizziness or loss of balance

- __Changes in vision__ – eye stroke symptoms include becoming temporarily blind in one or both eyes, or seeing double

- __Headache__ – a very sudden and painful headache. This can be one of the signs of having a stroke caused by bleeding in or around the brain – a haemorrhagic stroke

- __Neck stiffness__ – this can also be one of the symptoms of having a hemorrhagic stroke

- __Inability to swallow__

By reacting to these stroke signs and symptoms urgently, there’s less risk that the stroke will have a major impact. The sooner the patient is brought to the hospital, the sooner the health professionals can get to work on restoring blood flow to the brain.

## What is the FAST test?

Although the signs of a stroke can vary, the most common stroke symptoms to look out for can be easily remembered with the word FAST:

__FACE__ – drooping of face (eyes or mouth) on one side

__ARMS__ – weakness or numbness on one side of the body

__SPEECH__ – slurred, garbled or confused speech

__TIME__ – call 999 immediately as it is essential a patient receives medical care as soon as possible to give them the best chance of recovery

## Mini stroke symptoms

Another type of stroke is referred to as a mini stroke or warning stroke. In medical terms, this is known as a [transient ischaemic attack or TIA](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/symptoms/). Like the name suggests, this is a temporary blockage of blood supply to the brain. Small stroke symptoms are a warning sign that there’s a higher risk of having a full stroke in the future, as they show there’s a problem with blood flow to the brain.

The symptoms of a mini stroke are the same as the symptoms of a stroke and can last for up to 24 hours, and the difference is that these symptoms will pass. This does not make the mini stroke any less serious. A mini stroke is still a medical emergency and [should be dealt with by calling 999](https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/stroke), just like you would when someone has a normal stroke.

## How to help someone having a stroke

‘If someone around you is showing signs of a stroke, like a family member or friend, it’s important that you do not panic. Dealing with the situation quickly – and calling 999 for an ambulance immediately – is the best action you can take if someone is having a stroke,’ advises Dr McClymont.

Remember, there are [1.2 million stroke survivors in the UK](https://www.stroke.org.uk/what-is-stroke/stroke-statistics#:~:text=Key%20statistics%3A,stroke%20survivors%20in%20the%20UK). A stroke is a life-threatening emergency, but people can recover when treated quickly.


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Kry.co.uk > Your health > Spotting the signs of a stroke – a doctor’s guide

Spotting the signs of a stroke – a doctor’s guide

Knowing the signs of a stroke can save someone’s life. Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry, shares how to notice the symptoms of a stroke, and what to do

Kry.co.uk > Your health >Spotting the signs of a stroke – a doctor’s guide

Spotting the signs of a stroke – doctor’s guide | Kry UK

IMG 20200730 224911 865[33] (1)

Dr Rhianna McClymont

We’ve all experienced the uncomfortable bloated feeling, where your tummy seems stretched and full. Usually this feeling will come and go as it’s affected by things in our day-to-day lifestyle.

‘If you’re experiencing frequent or persistent bloating, or your bloated tummy comes with other worrying symptoms, it’s worth speaking to a GP to rule out any digestive problems, issues with your diet or other medical conditions,’ says Dr McClymont.

Although bloating can sometimes be caused by food intolerances, the menstrual cycle or medical conditions like [irritable bowel syndrome](/your-health/summer-bites-and-stings-a-guide-to-prevention-and-treatment/) (IBS), most cases of feeling bloated can often be managed by natural bloating remedies and daily self-care.

## What is bloating, exactly?
Bloating is very common and is characterised by a feeling of fullness, tightness, or swelling in the abdomen. It’s often accompanied by excess gas, discomfort and sometimes pain.

Bloating can happen for a variety of reasons, including overeating, certain foods or drinks, digestive conditions or hormonal changes. While bloating is usually not a serious condition, it can be uncomfortable and affect your quality of life.

## What causes bloating?

As bloating can be caused by many different factors, it’s a good idea to understand the most common causes so you can work out the best way to get rid of bloating. Here’s what can cause symptoms:

- [Excess gas and flatulence ](/your-health/whats-causing-your-gas-and-flatulence/)(farting)

- [Constipation](/medical-advice/digestive-problems/constipation/)
- Swallowing air (from talking while eating, eating too quickly, drinking through straws or chewing gum)

- Food intolerance – gluten and dairy are the biggest culprits but people may have their own individual intolerances

- Certain types of food – especially those high in salt and carbohydrates

- Lifestyle choices – lack of exercise, overeating, or eating late in the day

- Fizzy or carbonated drinks

- [Coeliac disease](/medical-advice/digestive-problems/coeliac-disease/) – a common digestive condition where your intestine cannot absorb gluten found in wheat, barley and rye (If you’re diagnosed with this condition, speak to a GP about how to make the best changes to your diet)

- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) – the bloating of IBS is usually caused from the erratic movement of food waste through the bowel

- Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – this is caused by water retention from a change in hormone levels during[ your menstrual cycle](/your-health/your-menstrual-cycle-explained/)

## How to get rid of bloating – 10 tips

### 1.	Drink the right fluids
Drinking plenty of water and avoiding too many fizzy, sugary or caffeinated drinks can really help. If you can’t do without your morning cuppa, limit yourself to 1 or 2 cups a day. Herbal and decaf teas are good alternatives too. 

### 2. Avoid gassy foods
Try cutting down on foods known to cause bloating after eating, like beans, onions, broccoli, cabbage, sprouts and cauliflower. Certain fruits can cause a bloated tummy too, like blackberries and watermelon – so bear this in mind when choosing your 5 a day.

### 3. Up your fibre
Eating more high-fibre foods like wholegrain bread, wholewheat pasta, beans and pulses can help improve your digestion and reduce bloating. 

### 4. Consider your eating habits
Making small changes to how you eat, as well as what you eat, can make a big difference to how bloated you feel. Although it’s tempting to eat on the go, try to sit down while you eat and be as upright as possible. Take your time to chew food and keep your mouth closed to stop you swallowing too much air.   

### 5. Get plenty of exercise
Even a 20 minute walk a few times a week can improve your bowel function and reduce bloating as it helps keep everything moving in your gut.

### 6. Stay clear of culprits
Some of the worst things for bloating include chewing gum and foods that are high in salt, fat and refined carbohydrates like white bread, white rice, pastries and sweets. Limit these to an occasional treat.

### 7. Don’t eat too late
Eating dinner a few hours before you go to bed gives yourself more time to digest properly. If you find your bloating is particularly bad in the evening, try and eat a bit earlier than usual.

### 8. Understand IBS
We have lots of helpful guidance for [IBS](/medical-advice/digestive-system/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/) relief which covers how to manage bloating symptoms linked to IBS. If you’re worried about bloating caused by IBS, it might be worth speaking to a GP to discuss your symptoms.

### 9. Try a natural bloating remedy
Lots of people use bloating remedies as a quick fix – like taking peppermint oil tablets or drinking a cup of ginger tea.

### 10. Spot your triggers
Keep a daily food diary for a couple of weeks to spot any triggers, noting down everything you eat and drink. This will help you identify when your bloating seems to be at its worst so you can cut it from your diet. If you’re considering cutting out a food group long-term, always get advice from a GP first.

‘Many people have individual triggers for their bloating, and so what works for one person may be less effective for another. It’s helpful to try and identify what makes your bloating worse so you can avoid or minimise that trigger,’ explains Dr McClymont.

## What natural bloating remedies can I try?

### Peppermint
Peppermint is used to aid digestion and reduce bloating. It contains compounds that relax the muscles in your digestive tract, which can help reduce bloating and excess gas. You can try drinking peppermint tea or taking peppermint oil supplements to see if it helps.

### Ginger
Ginger can help reduce bloating by getting rid of unwanted inflammation in your digestive tract. Try drinking ginger tea or taking ginger supplements to see if it helps.

### Probiotics
Probiotics are good bacteria that live in your gut and help support digestion. They can also help reduce bloating by keeping your digestive system healthy. You can find probiotics in yogurt, kefir, and other fermented foods.

### Water
[Staying hydrated](/your-health/why-is-hydration-so-important-a-doctors-guide/) can help flush out excess salt and reduce bloating. Aim to drink at least 8 glasses of water a day, and avoid fizzy drinks which can contribute to bloating.

## When should I speak to a doctor about bloating?

If your bloating is persistent, making you uncomfortable, and you don’t seem to get relief from these lifestyle tips, it’s best to speak to a GP to rule out an underlying condition.

‘There are many different reasons for bloating, mostly linked to lifestyle and dietary habits, but sometimes an underlying medical condition,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont.

‘If you’re worried about your bloating, or you’ve noticed other symptoms like unexplained weight loss, changes in your bowel pattern or blood in your poo, then you should speak to a doctor.’


bloating cta

See a GP about bloating

Kry.co.uk > Your health > A doctor’s tips to help beat bloating

A doctor’s tips to help beat bloating

Common bloating causes, tips for bloating relief and when to seek help. From the experts at Kry. 

How to get rid of bloating | Kry UK

Rhianna-headshot

Lead GP, Kry

How to get rid of bloating

Memory loss is an umbrella term that covers different types of forgetfulness. It can affect short or long-term memory and includes skills like remembering names, or even how to do things – like brushing your teeth. 

Forgetting things from time to time is normal, especially as you age. It’s thought that [40% of people older](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123445/?utm_source=s5_mobile_site&utm_medium=mobile&utm_campaign=s5_87740) than 65 have some age-related memory loss. But how can you tell if something more serious is going on?

Whether it’s time to wonder if this is more than normal ageing depends on how often and how significantly you forget things. This guide will help you tell the difference between normal memory lapses and ones that a doctor should explore further.

## What is normal age-related memory loss? 

Memory loss can happen at any age and can show up across a range of thinking skills. Some common types of forgetfulness are: 

- Having a word or someone’s name on the tip of your tongue, but taking a few minutes to recall it
- Forgetting facts or events, especially ones that you haven’t thought about for a while or that happened a long time ago
- Losing your keys or forgetting an appointment 
- Mixing up facts or memories, such as where an event happened

As long as your memory lapses are minor and occasional then it’s considered normal age-related memory loss. Only [1% of adults](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123445/?utm_source=s5_mobile_site&utm_medium=mobile&utm_campaign=s5_87740) over 65 with mild memory loss go on to develop dementia. 

[Studies suggest](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2006653117) our brains peak between 35-44 years. As we get older, neurons slow down, certain areas shrink, and blood flow decreases, which can slow down our ability to solve problems or remember information.  

Sometimes, memory loss is caused by other age-related physical changes like [menopause](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/endocrine-system/menopause/), which can cause [brain fog](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/brain-fog/). It can also result from major physical changes like having [chemotherapy](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/what-is-chemotherapy/). 

## When to worry about forgetfulness? 

If your memory loss is becoming a pattern or affects your ability to learn and remember new information, it’s time to speak to a doctor. This could include:

- Repeating the same questions or conversations 
- Struggling to follow instructions or directions 
- Getting confused about places, people, or time
- Difficulty taking care of yourself

Here's how normal age-related memory loss compares with signs that something more serious is going on.

### It’s likely to be normal if you…

- Occasionally lose something, miss an appointment, or forget to pay a bill
- Forget the name of someone you don’t know very well 
- Sometimes forget events, conversations, especially from a long time ago 
- Are worried about your memory but other people aren’t
- Sometimes forget words
- Can still learn new information or skills, even if it takes a bit longer
- Can go about your daily life as normal

### Speak to a doctor if you… 

- Lose items regularly and often miss appointments or bills 
- Forget the names of friends or family or are slow to recognise people 
- Regularly forget events or conversations, even those that happened recently
- Are not worried about your memory but friends and family are
- Find it hard to have a conversation
- Struggle to learn new skills or information
- Can’t keep up your usual routines and forget how to do things 

## What can cause memory loss? 

It’s important to find out what’s causing your forgetfulness because it might be reversible if treated. 

Certain medications, infections like [UTIs](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/urology/urinary-tract-infection-uti/), stress, tiredness, and [depression](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/) can all lead to memory loss, which usually goes away when the cause is addressed. 

Some causes of memory loss are progressive and will gradually affect you more, including the types of memory they affect. It’s helpful to get an early diagnosis for these conditions because there are medicines that can be beneficial when taken from the beginning. 

Here are some of the more serious causes of memory loss:

### Mild cognitive impairment

Some people experience more significant changes in their thinking, including memory, visual skills, and problem-solving. It can stay stable, improve, or worsen with time. 

### Strokes

[Strokes](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/cardiovascular-system/stroke/) are caused by blood clots in the brain. They block oxygen from reaching brain cells, which can affect a broad range of cognitive and motor skills.

### Dementia 

Memory loss can be a sign of [dementia](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/neurology/dementia/). It covers a range of conditions that affect cognitive skills, including Alzheimer’s disease.  

### Parkinson’s disease

Although [Parkinson’s disease](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/neurology/parkinsons-disease/) mainly affects motor skills, later stages can cause memory loss. 

## How can I improve my memory? 

You can help [keep your memory sharp](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/how-to-improve-memory/) at any age. Keeping your brain healthy has a lot of overlap with staying physically healthy, and includes regular exercise and a good diet. 

## When to speak to a doctor about memory loss

If you’re worried about your memory or people close to you have noticed changes, see a doctor. 

This could include:

- Becoming more forgetful 
- Having problems concentrating 
- Difficulty keeping up your regular routines
- Changes to your mood 

__This article has been medically reviewed by Lead Livi GP, Dr Bryony Henderson.__


kry.co.uk > CTA > Memory loss

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Memory loss

Are you worried that your memory isn’t what it was? Learn to spot the difference between normal age-related memory changes and signs of dementia.

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Memory loss – what’s normal and what’s not? | Kry UK

Memory loss – what’s normal and what’s not?

Antibiotics can be useful for bacterial infections. But doctors are increasingly reluctant to prescribe them because of the risk they may no longer be effective.

Dr Annette Alaeus, a specialist in infectious medicine, explains why, and shares her advice on how to safely use antibiotics and prevent antibiotic resistance.

## How do antibiotics work?

Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial [infections](/medical-advice/infections/). They work by targeting harmful bacteria and prevent them from spreading. Most mild bacterial infections get better on their own without using antibiotics.

## How long do antibiotics take to work?

Antibiotics start working straight away, but you may not feel better for 2 or 3 days, or maybe longer, depending on the type of infection you’re on antibiotics for. The important thing is to take them up until the end of the recommended course of treatment, even when you’re feeling better.

## What's antibiotic resistance?
‘When antibiotics are overused or used when they’re not needed, the bacteria they’re supposed to treat can change and develop resistance,’ says Dr Alaeus. ‘This can mean that, eventually, antibiotics may no longer work.’

Antibiotic resistance is now a problem worldwide. It means common infections like [pneumonia](/medical-advice/respiratory-conditions/pneumonia/), [tuberculosis](/medical-advice/respiratory-conditions/tuberculosis/), blood poisoning, [gonorrhoea](/medical-advice/sexual-health/gonorrhoea/)
and foodborne diseases are now becoming harder – and in some cases impossible – to treat.

This is why doctors will no longer routinely prescribe antibiotics for conditions like chest infections, ear infections (for children) and sore throats, but only when it’s absolutely necessary.

## When are antibiotics needed?  

‘Ideally, antibiotics should only be used as a last resort where an infection is unlikely to clear up without antibiotics (for example, a [urinary tract infection (UTI)](/your-health/utis-your-questions-answered/) that keeps recurring) or where it could carry a risk of more serious complications.

‘Antibiotics can really save lives when used in the appropriate way,’ Dr Alaeus says. ‘But taking antibiotics when you don’t need them can mean that they won’t work for you in the future, when you might really need them to treat a more serious condition.'

If you’re unsure whether antibiotics are the answer, a Kry GP can go through your symptoms and recommend the best treatment option.

## Can a cold be treated with antibiotics?

‘Antibiotics are for bacterial infections and don’t work for viral infections like [colds](/medical-advice/infections/common-cold/) and [flu](/medical-advice/infections/influenza/), [coughs](/medical-advice/respiratory-conditions/cough/) and [sore throats](/medical-advice/ent/sore-throat/), because these are caused by a virus,’ says Dr Alaeus.

‘The best thing you can do if you have a cold is to rest and drink plenty of fluids. And if you need, take paracetamol to help a high fever.’

It’s normal to want to [get rid of a cold or flu as quickly as possible](/your-health/how-to-recover-from-flu-faster/), but using antibiotics won’t help. In fact, using them for viruses can put you at risk of getting a bacterial infection that’s resistant to antibiotics.

The good news is that with rest and plenty of fluids your immune system will clear these viruses over time.

## Can antibiotics help Covid-19?

Antibiotics cannot treat viruses, including Covid-19. But some people who become unwell with Covid-19 may develop a bacterial infection. In this case, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat that infection. 

## How are antibiotics taken?

Antibiotics are available in many forms including tablets, capsules, liquid, creams, sprays or drops. The type of infection you have, and the location, will determine what form of antibiotics you’re advised to take.

‘Always take antibiotics as instructed on the packet, or by a doctor,’ says Dr Alaeus.

## 6 tips for taking antibiotics safely

When you’re taking antibiotics, keep in mind these points:

### 1. Forgetting a dose
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember and then continue to take your course of antibiotics as normal.

### 2. Stick to the recommended dose
Never take more than what a doctor recommends, as this will increase your chances of side effects like pain, diarrhoea, feeling sick and bloating.

### 3. Always check the label
There are several types of antibiotics and some don’t mix well with alcohol or other medicines like the [contraceptive pill](/medical-advice/contraception/contraceptive-pill/). Always check the label or talk about any concerns with a GP.

### 4. Finish the course
Make sure you complete the course of antibiotics you’ve been prescribed, even if you start to feel better. This will allow enough of the antibiotics to clear any infection.

### 5. Don’t share antibiotics
Never take antibiotics that were prescribed for someone else, as it may not be right for treating your specific infection.

### 6. Try probiotics
If you’re taking antibiotics, you can protect your gut by eating more probiotic foods or supplements. This will help protect you from side effects like thrush.

## What can I do to prevent antibiotic resistance?
- Only use antibiotics when prescribed 
- Never demand antibiotics if a doctor says you don’t need them
- Always follow a doctor’s advice when using antibiotics
- Never share or use leftover antibiotics

## How can I prevent infections so I don’t need antibiotics?
The best way to prevent yourself from having to take antibiotics is to try to avoid infections in the first place. These steps will help:

- Wash your hands regularly
- Prepare food in a hygienic way
- Avoid contact with people who are sick
- Practice safer sex
- Make sure your vaccinations are up to date

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Annette Alaeus, infectious diseases expert and Dr Bryony Henderson, Lead GP at Kry.__


Callout > CTA > Speak to a GP about antibiotics

Speak to a GP about antibiotics

Kry.co.uk > Your health > How do antibiotics work and when do you need them? An expert Q&A 

How do antibiotics work and when do you need them? An expert Q&A 

Antibiotics can be useful for some health problems, but they’re not always the answer. Here’s what antibiotics are needed for and how to prevent antibiotic resistance.

Kry.co.uk > Your health > What is antibiotic resistance?

What is antibiotic resistance? | Kry UK

kry.se > Article > Corona hub > Medical reviewer > Annette

Annette Alaeus

specialist i infektionsmedicin

What is antibiotic resistance?

[Four people die each day](https://www.asthma.org.uk/advice/asthma-attacks/) in the UK due to an [asthma](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/respiratory-system/asthma/) attack. Recognising symptoms and knowing what to do for you or another person could potentially save a life. 

## First aid steps for an asthma attack
If you or someone else is having an asthma attack, follow this emergency advice. 

### Step 1
Sit them upright in a comfortable position. Reassure them, and try to keep them calm by asking them to breathe slowly and deeply.

### Step 2
If they have a reliever inhaler, which is usually blue, help them take one puff of this inhaler every 30-60 seconds for up to 10 puffs.

If they have a spacer, ask them to use it with their inhaler. This helps the medicine reach their lungs more efficiently and quickly. 

If they don't have an inhaler, call 999 straight away. 

### Step 3
If they don’t feel better after 10 puffs of their blue reliever inhaler, or if they are worsening, call 999 for an ambulance. 

### Step 4
If the ambulance doesn’t arrive after 10 minutes, and their symptoms aren’t improving, repeat step 2.

### Step 5
If they don’t feel better, call 999 again. 
This advice isn’t for people who use a Maintenance and Reliever Therapy (MART) inhaler. You can find out more on this from [Asthma UK](https://www.asthma.org.uk/advice/inhalers-medicines-treatments/inhalers-and-spacers/mart/#:~:text=in%20your%20airways.-,Using%20MART%20when%20your%20symptoms%20get%20worse,which%20deals%20with%20symptoms%20quickly.).

## Asthma inhalers explained
The two key types of asthma inhalers that help control symptoms: 

1. __Blue reliever inhaler__ – used for quick relief

2. __Brown preventer inhaler__ – used to lower your risk of asthma symptoms and attacks

## What are the signs of an asthma attack? 
It’s important to know the signs of an asthma attack – you may have all of these symptoms or just some of them. 

- Worsening symptoms – breathlessness, coughing, wheezing or chest tightness
- Breathing getting faster and feeling like you’re unable to catch your breath
- Difficulty speaking – the ability to just whisper or use short sentences 
- Dizziness, drowsiness or confusion
- Fingertips and lips going blue
- Feeling of exhaustion
- Collapsing

If a reliever inhaler doesn’t relieve symptoms, this is very likely an asthma attack.

## What causes an asthma attack? 
Flare-ups and asthma attacks are usually caused by triggers that irritate your airways and set off symptoms. 

While many people with asthma are aware of their triggers, it’s not always possible to avoid them. 

Common [asthma triggers](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5349698/) include: 
- Cold or flu viruses 
- Allergies, including dust mites, mould, pollen or pets and animals  
- Weather, including cold air, dry wind or sudden temperature changes 
- Exercise
- Irritants in the air, including air pollution, smoke from cigarettes, strong fumes, dust or chemicals 
- Medication, particularly beta blockers or anti-inflammatory painkillers like ibuprofen 
- Strong emotions, including [stress](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/stress/), fear, anger or laughing 

## How can I prevent future asthma attacks? 
There are several things you can do to help you reduce your risk of an asthma attack. 

### 1. Know your early warning signs  
You can prevent an asthma attack before it happens by recognising your triggers and the early warning symptoms, like when your chest feels tighter or you begin wheezing more. 

### 2. Listen to your body when exercising 
If you have asthma, physical activity can be more challenging. The good news is that there’s [evidence](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24085631/) to suggest that getting your heart rate up can improve asthma symptoms and quality of life. 

If your [asthma is well-managed](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/manage-your-asthma-better/), you should be able to exercise without your symptoms being triggered. However sometimes, exercise can trigger asthma, particularly when you breathe in cold, dry air or encounter pollution or pollen. 

So, listen to your body, and increase your fitness levels gradually. It’s also a good idea to let the people you’re exercising with know that you have asthma. 

### 3. Keep stress levels as low as you can
It’s not always possible to reduce [stress](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/stress/) in life. But stress can make your asthma symptoms worse. 

If stress is a trigger for you, talk to your doctor or asthma nurse. They can provide you with the right support, whether it’s signposting you to counselling or suggesting you take more of your asthma medicines to keep your asthma stable during these periods. The key thing is to reach out and get help when it’s needed. 

A few simple ways to lower stress might include:
- Planning ahead so you feel more in control
- Connecting with others as often as you can
- Being more active
- [Prioritising your sleep ](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/how-to-sleep-better/)

### 4. Take all your medicines as prescribed 
[Preventer inhalers](https://www.uptodate.com/contents/asthma-treatment-in-adolescents-and-adults-beyond-the-basics) reduce your risk of having an asthma attack. They reduce inflammation building up in your airways, meaning your airways are less sensitive and you’re less likely to react to your triggers. 

Remember to take your preventer medicines regularly as prescribed by a doctor or asthma nurse.  

It’s also important to check your peak flow meter, because it can pick up changes in your airways before you have symptoms. A peak flow is a small hand-held device that measures how quickly you can blow air out of your lungs.  

Speak to a doctor or asthma nurse about whether you need to monitor your peak flow. 

### 5. Create an asthma action plan 
Having an [asthma action plan](https://www.uptodate.com/contents/asthma-treatment-in-adolescents-and-adults-beyond-the-basics) can help you manage and stay on top of your asthma. [One recent review](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30765356/) found that using an asthma action plan can reduce hospitalisations for asthma attacks as well as improve your symptoms and quality of life.

It tells you: 
- Your triggers
- The medications you take each day to prevent symptoms and reduce your risk of an asthma attack
- What you should do if you feel worse 
- Steps you should take during an asthma attack and when to get emergency help

If you haven’t already got an asthma action plan, speak to a doctor or asthma nurse who can help you to fill it in. It’s also a good idea to make copies of it and share it with friends and family. 

## When to speak to a doctor 
If you experience any of the symptoms of an asthma attack, like difficulty breathing, go immediately to A&E or ring 999.

If you’ve had an asthma attack, and your symptoms improved with your reliever inhaler, you still need to make an urgent same-day appointment with a doctor or asthma nurse. 

Also speak to a doctor or asthma nurse if:
- You’re having regular asthma attacks
- You want advice on better managing your asthma
- You’re using your reliever inhaler more than usual 
- You’re not sleeping as well
- Your asthma is stopping you from doing everyday things like going to work, playing with your children or doing housework 

__This article has been medically reviewed by Livi Lead GP, Dr Bryony Henderson.__


Livi.co.uk > Article page > Asthma attack CTA

Asthma attack: how to spot the signs and what to do  | Livi UK

Livi.co.uk > Article page > Asthma attack

How to know if someone is having an asthma attack

From worsening symptoms to experiencing dizziness, drowsiness or confusion, discover how to spot the signs of an asthma attack and find out what you should do

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Asthma attack: how to spot the signs and what to do  | Kry UK

Asthma attack: how to spot the signs and what to do

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