kry.co.uk > Your health

Health information, articles, news and advice for NHS patients.

kry.co.uk > Your health > Metainfo

Your health | KRY

Most of us get spots on our forehead, chin, back or chest – but what about inside the nose? It might not be visible, but a spot inside your nose is common and can feel uncomfortable and painful. 

Here are some of the most common causes of inner nose breakouts, what to do about them and when to seek help.

## What causes a spot or sore inside the nose?
There are several different reasons why a spot, bump or sore can develop inside your nose. 

### 1. Clogged pores 
[Spots](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/skin-conditions/acne/) can appear anywhere you have a pore or a hair follicle – including around and inside the nose. When these tiny pores under the skin become blocked by dead skin cells and excess oil (also known as sebum), it causes spots, whiteheads and blackheads. If it’s a spot caused by a blocked pore, it won’t generally be too painful, more uncomfortable.

__What to do:__ First of all, check whether it’s a pimple or a sore by taking a close look if you can. The best thing for a spot caused by a clogged pore is to keep the area clean and wait it out.

Though your usual spot treatment may work, try not to irritate it with harsh products. Try not to pick or irritate it as this can cause scarring or introduce infection. If you get regular spots in the nose or it’s sore and painful, it’s best to talk to a pharmacist or doctor. 

### 2. Ingrown hairs 
Although they happen most commonly on the [face, neck, legs and bikini line](https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/ingrown-hairs), ingrown hairs can also happen inside the nose – causing red, painful bumps. They are more likely to appear on the inside of your nose if you tweeze, pluck or shave your nasal hair.  

__What to do:__ Generally, trapped nasal hair will resolve on its own, but you may want to try holding a warm compress on it to ease the swelling.

### 3. Cold sore 
[Cold sores](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/infections/cold-sores/), which are caused by the herpes simplex virus, often show up on your lips. But they can also appear on the inside of your nose. 

You may feel a tingling, itching or burning sensation about a [day before the blister and swelling appears](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525782/). The blisters also tend to be more painful and tender than a spot, and you may experience crusting as the blister bursts and heals. 

__What to do:__ Cold sores usually get better on their own within 7-10 days. If you know it’s a cold sore, you can apply an antiviral cream early – as soon as you feel the tingling start. The earlier this cream is applied the more effective it is. 

### 4. An infection in your nostrils (nasal vestibulitis)
Nasal vestibulitis, or nasal folliculitis, is an infection that happens when a hair follicle gets infected. It’s usually caused by the Staphylococcus bacteria, which like to live in the moist environment inside our nostrils.

The infection may look like a sore or small red bump just inside the nose, or you may experience pain in or around the nose. According to one small study, nasal vestibulitis is often the result of plucking nasal hairs, frequently blowing, picking your nose or even having a nasal piercing. 

These pimples are also more likely to happen in people who have diabetes and compromised immune systems. 

__What to do:__ You may be able to soothe the area using a warm compress. Or you may need to treat the infection with an antibiotic or antibacterial ointment. If you’re worried that you may have an infection, speak to a doctor.

### 5. Boils inside the nostrils (nasal furuncles)
Nasal furuncles are boils, which are pus-filled bumps in the skin caused by a bacterial infection deep within the nose. Nasal furuncles are considered more serious because they may develop into a skin infection called [cellulitis](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/infections/cellulitis/). 

Cellulitis causes the area to become:
- Red
- Swollen
- Hot to touch and tender

With more serious cellulitis infections, you may also experience:
- Nausea or vomiting 
- A temperature 
- Dizziness 
- Chills or shivering 

If you have an infection in this part of your face, it could lead to a life-threatening condition, called cavernous sinus thrombosis. 

This is when bacteria spreads through the veins that lead to the brain. But this condition is extremely rare and affects around [1 in 100,000](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448177/) people per year. 

__What to do:__ If you develop a boil or deeper infection within your nostrils, make an appointment to see a doctor. They may have to surgically drain the boil or prescribe you an [antibiotic](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/how-do-antibiotics-work-and-when-do-you-need-them-an-expert-q-and-a/). The antibiotic is ideally given by an injection.  

## Is it safe to pop a spot inside the nose? 
While it can be tempting to squeeze a spot, try to resist the urge to pop, pick or scratch a spot inside your nose because it may cause an infection. 

If your spot isn’t improving or responding to products bought over-the-counter, speak to a doctor.  

## How can I prevent a spot inside my nose?
If you find you’re prone to spots inside your nose:
- Avoid picking, scratching or blowing your nose too much 
- Stay clear of removing hair from your nose because it increases the likelihood of ingrown hairs. If you really have to remove them, always wash your hands before doing so and sterilise your tweezers 
- Wash your face daily and remove makeup before bed to prevent oil, dead skin cells and dirt from building up around your nostrils

## How do I treat a spot in my nose? 
Make sure that what you have is a spot before you start treating it. If the spot turns out to be an infection or cold sore, a doctor will likely prescribe antibiotics, a topical ointment or antivirals instead. 

As well as using an over-the-counter spot treatment for the pimple, holding a warm compress to your nose 3 times a day can reduce swelling and ease discomfort. 

If the spot in question is further up your nose or you simply can’t see it, leave it alone to see if the discomfort goes or speak to a doctor if you're concerned. As well as causing irritation, you could do more harm than good. 

## When should I speak to a doctor? 
If the spot in your nose isn’t going away by itself or keeps coming back, speak to a pharmacist or arrange an appointment with a doctor who can help determine what’s causing it. 

You should also see a doctor if you have a spot and the following symptoms:
- Increasing pain, tenderness or swelling 
- Fever 
- A red swollen rash 

__This article has been medically reviewed by Livi Lead GP Dr Bryony Henderson.__


kry.co.uk >      article page  >   Spot inside nose

Speak to a GP

livi.co.uk > Your Health > Spot inside nose

Spot inside nose

A spot in your nose may be harmless or it may be a sore and the sign of something more serious, like an infection. Here’s what to do if you have a spot or sore in your nose.

kry.co.uk > Meta information > Spots inside nose

How to get rid of a spot inside your nose | Kry UK

Livi.co.uk > Medical page > Medical review

Dr Bryony Henderson

Dermatologists

How to get rid of a spot inside your nose

Dealing with an eye twitch is annoying, but thankfully it’s usually harmless and goes away on its own. It might come on while you’re watching TV, working late or studying for an exam and feels like a small spasm affecting the upper or lower eyelid.

The most common type of eye spasm is [general myokymia](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560595/), which is a temporary muscular twitch caused by tiredness, stress, or drinking too much caffeine. It can come and go, lasting for a few days or weeks at a time. 

Having a twitchy eye is usually nothing to worry about and you can help to relieve it by getting more rest. Here are the most common causes of eye spasms and what can help.

## 1. Stress
You might notice that your eye twitch comes on during times of [stress](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/stress/), like when you’re preparing for a test or meeting a work deadline. [One study](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299280237_The_Prevalence_of_Eyelid_Myokymia_in_Medical_Students) found that 2 in 5 medical students had eye twitches in the week before their exams. 

When you’re feeling under pressure, your body releases a stress hormone called adrenaline. Known as the ‘fight or flight’ hormone, it causes the pupils to widen to help you see potential threats. This tires the eye muscles and can make them twitch, which is why [reducing stress](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/how-to-stress-less-this-winter-a-psychologist-approved-toolkit/) often helps to ease the spasms. 

## 2. Tiredness
Being overworked or not sleeping enough are common triggers for eye twitches. Like the body and brain, your eyes need rest to recover. 

The ideal amount of sleep for most adults is between 7-9 hours of sleep a night. Avoiding late-night scrolling and watching TV in the evening will give your eyes a break, as well as practising bedtime hygiene to have a [more restful sleep](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/how-to-sleep-better/). 

## 3. Eye strain
We spend more time than ever using computers or devices. [One study](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8123581/) found that people average at 4 hours of screen time a day outside of work, which is double the recommended limit.

It’s not clear why this can cause spasms, though it may be because our eyes are strained by focusing for a long time. As well as reducing screen time, it can help to apply a warm compress to your eyes to soothe them. 

## 4. Dry eyes
Certain products like make-up and harsh cleansers can irritate the eyes. Wearing contact lenses and staring at a screen for long periods can also irritate and dry our eyes and make them more susceptible to twitches and spasms.

You can use eye drops to help keep your eyes moisturised, and a pharmacist will be able to help advise you on products that won’t irritate them.

## 5. Too much caffeine 
Caffeine is a stimulant, and like adrenaline, it can trigger the eyes to become overstimulated and twitchy. 

Coffee, tea, energy drinks and soda all contain caffeine, and it’s best to drink no more than 2-4 caffeinated drinks a day. 

## 6. An eye condition

### Nystagmus 
This is a type of eye condition where the eyes move uncontrollably. Rather than feeling like a twitch or a spasm, it causes repetitive movements, such as the eyes flickering up and down, forward and back or in circles. Some people describe it as feeling like their eyes have a mind of their own. 

The condition affects less than [3 in every 1,000 adults](https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2164820). It can be caused by an eye injury, certain medications or using drugs and alcohol. 

### Neuromuscular conditions
Occasionally, eye spasms are caused by a neurological condition like blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm. Both are rare and the symptoms become much stronger than a gentle twitch. 

Your eyes may blink rapidly or close very tightly so that you can’t open them, or you may feel a tightness that spreads from your eyes to other parts of your face. If you’re experiencing these symptoms, speak to a doctor immediately.

Sometimes it can also be due to blepharitis or [conjunctivitis](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/infections/conjunctivitis/). 

## When do I need to worry about my eye twitching?

Though rare, sometimes eye twitching can be a sign of other conditions affecting the brain or nervous system, Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome or [Bell’s Palsy](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/neurological-disorders/bells-palsy/).

If you’re experiencing any of the below symptoms, then speak to a doctor. They will be able to help identify the cause and find the best treatment.

- Spasms that affect other parts of the face or body
- Drooping on one side of the face
- Muscle stiffness or problems balancing

Similarly, if your eye twitch lasts longer than 3 months or it’s disrupting your life or bothering you a lot, then it’s best to speak to a doctor.

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Bryony Henderson.__


kry.co.uk >      article page  >   CTA exercise pregnancy

Livi.co.uk > Your health >  Why is my eye twitching?

Eye twitching

Eye twitches and spasms might be annoying, but they’re usually harmless. They can be triggered by stress, lack of sleep, and having too much caffeine. 

kry.co.uk > Meta information > Eye twitching

Why does my eye keep twitching? | Kry UK

kry.co.uk > Medical Reviewer

Lead GP at Kry

General health

General health and seasonal

Why is my eye twitching?

Most people tend to catch the [chickenpox virus](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/infections/chicken-pox/) as a child. [90% of people](https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chickenpox-prevention-and-treatment-beyond-the-basics/print) experience chickenpox by the age of 15 and remember the itchy spots for years to come. 

The good news is that you’re unlikely to catch it again as an adult, and it’s very rare for a second chickenpox infection to happen in the same person.

However, teenagers and adults can still catch chickenpox. If you didn’t have childhood chickenpox, you’re more susceptible to catching it as an adult. So, why is chickenpox more severe when you’re older, what’s the difference between adult chickenpox and shingles, and what are the key symptoms to look out for? 

Here, we answer the biggest questions.

## What are the symptoms of teenage or adult chickenpox?

The symptoms of [chickenpox](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/infections/chicken-pox/) tend to be more severe in teenagers and adults compared with children. Symptoms tend to develop about 10-21 days after your exposure to the virus. Initial symptoms can include:

- A high temperature
- Aches and pains
- Headache

For adults, the itchy chickenpox rash tends to develop on the face and scalp about a day after these initial symptoms. Itchy spots may also appear on the chest, stomach, arms and legs. The number of spots varies for different people.

The spots can turn into blisters and scab over, fading after around a week and sometimes taking 2–3 weeks to disappear completely.

Other chickenpox symptoms in adults include:

- Nausea
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
- Generally feeling unwell

## What’s the difference between chickenpox and shingles?

Once a child has had a chickenpox infection, the virus remains dormant in their nerves. Although the chickenpox virus can remain in the nervous system indefinitely without causing symptoms, reactivation of the virus can cause shingles. 

Shingles appears as an itchy skin rash on one side of the body and can cause tingling pain, fever, chills, headache and fatigue.

You can’t catch shingles from another person, it’s only possible to develop shingles if you’ve already had chickenpox. Someone who has never had chickenpox can develop chickenpox after coming into contact with the fluid from someone’s shingles rash if it becomes blistered.

Shingles tends to happen in adults. The risk of developing it increases with age and is also higher in those with weakened immune systems. Around 20-30% adults will develop shingles. 

There’s a shingles vaccination available for people aged between 70-79, which makes the illness much milder and shorter if you catch it. 

## How long does it take for symptoms of adult chickenpox to develop?

Symptoms usually appear 10 days to 3 weeks after exposure to someone else with the disease (usually an infectious child). The virus is very contagious and spreads very easily through droplets. 

Chickenpox is a seasonal disease and so most cases happen in winter and spring.

## How long does chickenpox last?

The average recovery time for adult chickenpox is within 1–2 weeks of the first symptoms.

## Is chickenpox in adults dangerous?

In adults, chickenpox symptoms tend to be more severe, and there’s a greater chance of you developing complications from the infection. 

The blisters may become infected with bacteria from the surface of the skin and require treatment with antibiotics. In very rare cases these infections become serious and require hospital treatment. 

## How is chickenpox treated in adults?

Although there’s no specific medication to treat chickenpox, there are several remedies that can help alleviate symptoms while the chickenpox clears up itself:

- Stay hydrated and drink plenty of water
- Take paracetamol to relieve a temperature if you have one – although avoid ibuprofen as it has been associated with some severe skin reactions
- Bathe in cool water or apply calamine lotion to easy itching
- Wearing cotton clothes can help and try to avoid being either too hot or cold
- Trim your nails short so that you don’t damage the skin with scratching – this can lead to a bacterial infection

If your blisters become infected – if they’re hot, painful or red – speak to a doctor who may need to prescribe antibiotics. If your symptoms are severe, a GP may prescribe antiviral medication.

## Is there a vaccine to prevent chickenpox in adults?

A vaccine against chickenpox is available to protect people at a higher risk of developing complications, or those who could put others at risk, such as healthcare workers who aren’t immune to chickenpox.

## Advice for protecting others against adult chickenpox

Chickenpox is very contagious and spreads through the air from person to person – it’s contagious 2 days before the rash develops. 

So, if you suspect you have chickenpox, avoid going into work, crowded areas or any places with vulnerable people, until your blisters have crusted over. This is usually about 5 days after the rash starts.

## When should I speak to a doctor?

You should get checked out by a doctor (or call 111) if you experience any of the following symptoms:

- The skin around your blisters is hot, painful and red, indicating a possible infection
- Breathing problems
- Headaches that worsen despite taking paracetamol
- Convulsions
- A very severe rash – for example in the mouth that prevents drinking

If you're seeing a doctor face-to-face, it’s important to ring ahead to your GP surgery so that they can make arrangements to isolate you from potentially vulnerable patients. 

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Bryony Henderson__


kry.co.uk > Speak to a GP about adult chickenpox symptoms > CTA

Speak to a GP about chickenpox symptoms

Livi.co.uk > Your health >  Can adults catch chickenpox?

Can adults get chickenpox

Most people catch chickenpox before the age of 10, but adults can catch it too. The symptoms tend to be more severe, so read our guide on when to get help.

kry.co.uk > Meta information > Adult chickenpox

Can adults catch chickenpox? | Kry UK

kry.co.uk > medical reviewer

Skin health

Can adults catch chickenpox?

Expecting a baby and wondering if you can continue, or even start, exercising? For most women, exercise is good for you and your baby. It helps you stay in shape and prepares your body for childbirth. 

Despite this, [research](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28613571/#:~:text=Traditionally%20women%20were%20advised%20to,women%20who%20exercised%20during%20pregnancy.) suggests that only 40% of women continue to exercise during pregnancy. 

The good news is that [regular exercise is safe](https://www.britishjournalofmidwifery.com/content/midwife-blog/exercise-during-pregnancy/) when you’re pregnant. What’s important is that you choose the right types of activity that will work for you over the next 9 months as your body changes. 

## What are the benefits of exercising during pregnancy? 
Pregnancy may feel like the ideal time to sit down, relax and put your feet up, but unless you’re experiencing complications, there’s [evidence](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28613571/#:~:text=Traditionally%20women%20were%20advised%20to,women%20who%20exercised%20during%20pregnancy.) to suggest that physical activity is beneficial for both you and your baby. 

As well as help you adapt to your changing body shape and maintain a healthy weight, regular exercise during pregnancy can:
- Lower your risk of gestational diabetes
- Reduce [blood pressure ](https://www.britishjournalofmidwifery.com/content/midwife-blog/exercise-during-pregnancy/)
- Prepare your body for labour and delivery 

[Research](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430821/) also shows that exercising can make your pregnancy easier – it can improve your sleep, [ease back pain](/your-health/what-can-help-my-lower-back-pain-a-doctors-tips/), reduce your risk of [constipation](/medical-advice/digestive-problems/constipation/) and boost your mood. 

[One study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22904295/) found that women who exercised mid-pregnancy had a lower risk of lower back pain, pelvic girdle pain and [depression](/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/) in late pregnancy. 

What’s more, there’s also [evidence](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5075987/) to suggest that exercising during pregnancy can reduce your baby’s risk of developing diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease later in life.   

## How to keep fit during pregnancy 
It’s natural to feel cautious about exercising during pregnancy. Here are some ways you can keep fit in your first, second and third trimester. 

### 1. Keep active on a daily basis 
Ideally, you should aim for [150 minutes](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430821/) of moderate-intensity activity every week. This can be broken down into smaller periods of time – for instance, 30 minutes of brisk walking per day for five days each week. You should be able to hold a conversation whilst exercising. If you can't, you’re probably pushing yourself too much. 

Or if you’re new to exercising, you can start small and begin with sessions of 5 minutes and build up to 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and so on, until you’re exercising for longer durations. 

Remember, every minute of activity counts, so this includes walking, housework, gardening and shopping. 

### 2. Aim to continue with your normal activities or exercise 
If you were physically active before pregnancy, you should be able to continue with your normal activities for as long as you’re comfortable. 

If you decide to join an exercise class, let the instructor know you’re pregnant. Depending on what class you go to, they may give you modifications depending on your trimester. Also look out for prenatal classes.

### 3. Start gradually  
If you weren’t active before pregnancy, start gradually. Exercise doesn’t have to be demanding to benefit you and your baby. 

Walking is a brilliant exercise for beginners. It’s a low impact exercise with minimal stress on your joints. [Research](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6742678/) suggests a brisk walk has the potential to lower the risk of complications, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and excessive weight gain. It may also reduce the risk of premature birth. 

### 4. Combine strengthening and aerobic exercises 
Doing a combination of aerobic and strengthening exercises is beneficial during pregnancy.  

__Aerobic exercise__ – like brisk walking, dancing, swimming, gardening and housework – strengthens your heart and lungs, tones your muscles and improves your overall fitness. 

__Strengthening exercises__ – like weight training, walking upstairs or carrying shopping – strengthen your muscles and joints. This will help you carry your growing bump as well as prepare you for labour and when your baby is born. 

[Research](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26984583/) shows that strengthening exercises during pregnancy can boost your energy and improve feelings of fatigue too. Aim to do muscle strengthening activities twice a week.  

### 5. Add pelvic floor exercises into your routine 
Pregnancy puts a lot of strain on your [pelvic floor](/your-health/how-to-exercise-weak-pelvic-floor-muscles/). This is a group of muscles that lie across the base of your pelvis, stretching from the pubic bone at the front to your tailbone at the bottom of the spine. 

If these muscles are weak, there’s a greater chance of you experiencing stress or urinary incontinence. This is where you leak pee when you cough, sneeze, laugh, jump, walk, run or exercise. 

Exercising your pelvic floor muscles during pregnancy and after childbirth helps you to reduce or avoid stress incontinence. So, if there was ever a better time to start these exercises, it’s now. 

[One study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32506232/) found that doing pelvic floor exercises during pregnancy may even be effective in shortening and reducing the risks of perineal tears during childbirth. 

### 6. Be mindful about what you do 
Although it’s important to stay active, there are some moves and exercises that you should avoid when expecting.  

__Avoid exercising while lying on your back__
After 16 weeks, [avoid exercises that involve lying on your back](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5309362/) for long periods. This is because the weight of your bump presses on your main blood vessel, reducing blood flow to your baby, as well as potentially making you feel dizzy or faint. 

__Avoid contact sports__
These include rugby, hockey, football, squash and martial arts, because there’s a risk your bump could be hit. 

__Avoid exercises where you could fall__
Horse riding, gymnastics or skiing all come with a higher risk of falling and injuring yourself. It may also be more difficult to maintain your balance because your growing baby bump changes your centre of gravity. 

__Avoid scuba diving and exercising at high altitudes__
Scuba diving isn’t safe during pregnancy and exercising at high altitudes (over 2,500 metres) reduces oxygen to you and your baby. 

### 7. Listen to your body 
Always [listen to your body](/your-health/body-literacy/). Exercise doesn’t have to be demanding to be beneficial, so avoid pushing yourself too hard. If you feel uncomfortable, stop. 

A good way to know whether you’re working at a suitable intensity is if you’re able to hold a conversation as you exercise. If you’re breathless, ease off a bit – you may be exercising too strenuously. 

What’s more, it’s especially important to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids when you’re exercising and avoid exercising in very hot weather. 
Always make sure you warm up and cool down as this can help prevent muscular injury. 

## How do I know if I’m pushing it too far?
Stop exercising and seek medical help from a doctor, midwife or obstetrician if you develop the following symptoms: 

- Dizziness or feeling faint
- Shortness of breath before you start exercising 
- Chest pains or palpitations 
- A headache 
- Calf pain or swelling 
- Pelvic girdle pain
- Extreme tiredness or fatigue
- Abdominal pain 
- Muscle weakness

## When should I speak to a doctor?
If you have any complications during your pregnancy or have any concerns, speak to a doctor before you start exercising. 

Always seek medical attention if you have: 
- Vaginal bleeding or spotting 
- A change in your baby’s movement 
- Severe headaches
- Leg pain and a swollen calf
- Chest pain or breathlessness 
- Stomach pain

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Bryony Henderson.__


kry.co.uk > Your Health > How to exercise throughout pregnancy

Exercising during pregnancy

From listening to your body to what you should avoid, discover everything you need to know about exercising during pregnancy.

Meta information > Your Health > Exercise and pregnancy

How to exercise throughout pregnancy | Kry UK

Women Health

Women's Health

How to exercise throughout pregnancy 

Puberty is when a child’s body begins to change and develop. During this process, they reach sexual maturity, which is when they become capable of reproduction. It usually happens between [8-13 years in females and 9-14 years in males](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534827#:~:text=Puberty%20is%20associated%20with%20emotional,onset%20of%20menstruation%20(menarche).). 

Puberty comes with lots of emotional, hormonal and physical changes – like developing breasts and pubic hair – and is different for everyone. It can be a tough time to navigate, but this guide will help you understand the changes and how to support a child going through puberty.

## What happens during puberty? 

Puberty is the process a child goes through as their body starts to develop. The physical and psychological changes of puberty happen gradually over time and can last throughout the teenage years.

Puberty begins when part of our brain (the hypothalamus) starts signalling to the rest of the body that it’s time to develop adult characteristics. These signals are sent through hormones and cause the following parts of the body to grow and change:
- External reproductive organs
- Breast tissue
- Skin 
- Muscles
- Bones
- Hair
- Brain

## What are the key signs of puberty?

For girls, signs of puberty include developing breasts and [starting their periods](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/your-menstrual-cycle-explained/). The first signs for boys will be developing a larger penis and testicles, a deeper voice and a more muscular appearance.

A child’s skin and hair often becomes oily and they will start to produce more sweat. This can cause many teenagers to develop some form of [acne](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/acne-types-and-their-treatments-help-to-clear-your-skin/). 
The significant change in hormones will also affect the child’s thoughts and feelings, which can lead to heightened emotions, mood swings, the start of sexual thoughts and romantic attraction towards others.

If a child doesn’t start puberty around the average age, it’s usually nothing to worry about. But you can speak to a GP for advice if puberty begins before the age of 8 or hasn’t started by the age of 14.

## What are the stages of puberty for females?

The first stage of puberty in girls tends to be the forming of breast buds – a small amount of firm tissue underneath the nipple. Usually, [periods](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/your-menstrual-cycle-explained/) will begin around 2 years after breasts develop and sometimes girls will notice symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). 

This is due to a natural variation in hormone levels during the [menstrual cycle](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/your-menstrual-cycle-explained/). Other stages of puberty in girls include pubic hair, vaginal discharge, body odour and physical body changes like wider hips. 

## What are the stages of puberty for males?

For boys, the first stage of puberty tends to be the growth of the testicles and penis. The scrotum (skin around the testicles) will also become thinner and redder. 

Other stages of puberty will usually follow, including the growth of body hair on the face, chest, armpits, back and pubic area. As the voice box grows, the voice will start to get lower and deeper – known as a voice ‘breaking’. This development causes the Adam’s apple to become more visible too. Boys will develop a broader chest and shoulders, and many will experience growth spurts. 

During this process, the amount of body fat will typically drop as muscle develops. Due to the rise in sex hormones, boys can start having involuntary erections and wet dreams (ejaculation while sleeping).

## How does it feel to go through puberty?

With so many significant changes, puberty can be physically, mentally and emotionally challenging. It’s important to remember that everyone develops differently during this time, and there’s no normal for reaching each stage of development.

Talking openly to friends, siblings and trusted adults can really help children to navigate this period of life and build their self-esteem.

## What’s the difference between puberty and sexual maturity?

While the process of puberty involves more than just the reproductive organs, sexual maturity refers to the specific developmental stage that makes it possible for a person to reproduce. 

This maturing of the reproductive organs also coincides with when a person might start to explore their sexuality and identity. Each person’s experience is unique. 
Not everyone will experience a physical attraction towards others, and this is nothing to worry about either. For some people, this can happen at a later stage.

## What is precocious puberty (early puberty)? 

Early puberty, also known as precocious puberty, happens when girls have signs of puberty before the age of 8, and boys have signs of puberty before the age of 9.

Certain signs of puberty can also appear much earlier than others. For example, girls may start their periods at the age of 8 before developing breasts.

The cause of early puberty isn’t always clear, but it can run in families or be caused by a medical condition. Early puberty is more likely to affect girls. It is important  to speak to a doctor if your child goes through early puberty or you’re concerned.  

## What is delayed puberty?

Delayed puberty can also affect children. For boys, this is when they have no signs of testicular development by the age of 14. For girls, it’s when they have not developed breasts by the age of 13 or started their period by the age of 15.

It's not always clear what causes delayed puberty either, although it’s more likely to affect boys. Occasionally, it can be caused by a long-term illness or medical condition. A doctor will be able to help if this is the case.

## When should I speak to a doctor?

It’s important to remember that everyone develops differently during puberty, and there’s no normal age for reaching each stage of development.

If you have any concerns about your child’s experience of puberty, a GP can help. 

Similarly, if you’re concerned about precocious puberty or delayed puberty, a doctor can provide medical advice and arrange any necessary tests.

__This article has been medically approved by Livi Lead GP, Dr Bryony Henderson.__


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Understanding puberty

What happens during puberty and what does sexual maturity mean? Read our expert guide to understanding puberty

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What is puberty? Your biggest questions answered | Kry UK

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What is puberty? Your biggest questions answered

[Postnatal depression](/medical-advice/mental-health/postnatal-depression/) can affect any parent after the birth of a child. It’s thought to affect [around 10-20%](https://www.nct.org.uk/life-parent/how-you-might-be-feeling/postnatal-depression-questions-you-really-want-ask) of new parents, and is linked to the demands of having a new baby – from the sleep deprivation to the hormonal fluctuations as a result of pregnancy and breastfeeding.

This condition was traditionally associated with women, but there’s growing evidence that it’s common for both parents, irrespective of gender. Both parents can experience significant changes in mood and emotions when there’s a new baby around.

## Why do people experience postnatal depression? 
Welcoming a new baby is a joyful time but it’s also a huge life change that can be difficult to adjust to. Childbirth can be a stressful life event for both parents.

Some of the lifestyle changes that come with having a newborn can be contributing factors to postnatal depression in men and women. Getting less sleep can affect our mood and the anxiety of being a new parent, new financial responsibilities and even returning to work if you choose to, can also be a factor.

It’s completely natural to have [anxiety](/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/) about having a new baby, whether it’s your first child or third.

If the person who gave birth is struggling with their mental health, this is likely to affect the other parent and other household members.

## How common is postnatal depression in men?
Male postnatal depression affects at least [1 in 10 new dads](https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-natal-depression/overview/). Research by the [Fatherhood Institute](http://www.fatherhoodinstitute.org/2018/fatherhood-institute-research-summary-fathers-and-postnatal-depression/%20) shows that:
- Men in their first year of being a dad are twice as likely to get depression as the general population
- The peak time for postnatal depression in men is 3-6 months after the birth 
- Around 1 in 10 men can also become depressed during their partner's pregnancy

## What are the signs of postnatal depression in men?
Just like with any [depression in men](/your-health/signs-of-depression-in-men/), male postnatal depression can show in different ways compared to women. 

Behavioural signs can include:
- Mood changes including irritability, anger and frustration
- Withdrawal from family and social situations
- Relationship conflict – it’s natural for roles in a relationship to shift when people become parents, but sometimes this shift can cause problems
- Negative feelings towards the new baby, partner, or other family members
- Insomnia
- Drinking and taking drugs
- Changes in eating habits – often with weight loss or weight gain
- Loss of concentration or interest in things

[Research shows](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5734537/) that men are less likely to speak out and seek help for anxiety and depression. This means a lot of cases of male postnatal depression are going undiagnosed.

## How might postnatal depression affect children? 
Children can feel the effects of a change in family or household dynamics, so having a parent who’s struggling with their mental health can be really difficult.

Generally, children know when something’s wrong even if they don’t know why. Being open and honest with children in a way that’s appropriate to their age can help them understand changes that might be confusing or distressing for them. 

If you show children that parents can be unwell and recover, it might even help them feel positive about seeking their own support later in life.

## What to do if you think you have male postnatal depression
Depression can be an especially difficult thing to talk about when it’s associated with something that you feel you should be happy about. With a new baby in the house, there’s a lot of pressure to look after other people – the new baby and other children in the household, as well as a partner who might also be under physical and emotional strain.

But it’s always okay to admit when you need help. Talking about the problem is a good start, and can help family members understand how you’re feeling, and why you might seem ‘off’.

If you’re worried about any of the symptoms of male postnatal depression, it’s important to seek professional help as soon as possible.
If you have suicidal thoughts or a family member might be in danger, call 999 or go to A&E straight away. 

Call 111 if it’s not an emergency but you feel you need urgent medical help for your mental health.

## How can a doctor help?
If male postnatal depression is affecting your life, a GP can be there to talk through your situation and your symptoms, and direct you to the care you need.

Treatment for postnatal depression can include [talking therapy](/your-health/is-talking-therapy-for-me/), peer support and sometimes medication, which a GP can prescribe.

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Adenekan Oyefeso, Clinical Lead for Mental Health at Kry.__


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Can men get postpartum depression 2100x1200

More than 1 in 10 new dads experience anxiety and postnatal depression. Discover the signs of postnatal depression in men and the help available.

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Mental health

Can men get postnatal depression?

We’ve all felt sluggish or fuzzy-headed at some point in our lives, but how do you know if it’s brain fog? Importantly, brain fog isn’t actually a medical term. It’s used to describe a set of [symptoms related to cognitive difficulties](https://europepmc.org/article/med/34714198) – mainly the feeling of being mentally sluggish. 

The symptoms are similar to lack of sleep or stress and can affect your memory and ability to function or focus on day-to-day tasks. 

## What causes brain fog?

There a number of health conditions and lifestyle factors that can cause brain fog, including:

- Lack of sleep
- Increased stress
- Depression
- Certain medications 
- Nutritional deficiencies like vitamin B12
- Underactive thyroid

Menopause, pregnancy and Covid-19 have also been linked to brain fog.

## What are the symptoms of brain fog? 

If you have brain fog, you may have difficulty with your cognitive function, like focusing on a task or idea, recalling things or following a conversation. Some of the most common symptoms include:

- Poor concentration
- Feeling confused or disoriented
- Thinking more slowly 
- Fuzzy thoughts
- Forgetfulness
- Lost words

Brain fog can also cause overlapping symptoms with other physical and mental health conditions like headaches and mental exhaustion.

## What does brain fog feel like? 

As its name suggests, people often describe brain fog as if you’re living in a thick fog that interferes with what you think and do. You might feel that the fog is around you, inside your head or both. This fuzzy feeling can lead to other symptoms too, including problems communicating and a lack of energy.

You might notice that the feeling of brain fog resembles other mental and physical health conditions like [depression](/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/) or dementia, which is why it’s important to speak to a doctor if you’re concerned.

## What’s the link between brain fog and menopause? 

‘Menopause is a common cause of brain fog in women. Two of the main female hormones, oestrogen and testosterone, play an important role in your cognition and [memory](/your-health/how-to-improve-memory/),’ says Dr Bryony Henderson, Lead GP at Kry. 

‘When these hormone levels fall during [perimenopause](/your-health/7-signs-of-perimenopause-a-doctors-guide/) and menopause, this can lead to a range of symptoms, including confusion, memory loss and difficulty staying focused.’

‘The good news is that you can keep your brain healthy with simple lifestyle changes,’ says Dr Henderson. ‘Although menopause brain fog can be alarming, there’s no need to panic about these natural effects on the brain.’ 

## Can Covid-19 cause brain fog?

‘[Long Covid](/your-health/what-is-long-covid/) is another common cause of brain fog in both women and men,’ says Dr Henderson. ‘Many people have experienced brain fog while recovering from shorter episodes of Covid too.’ 

Experts still don’t fully understand why this might happen, but [evidence has shown](https://www.statpearls.com/ArticleLibrary/viewarticle/133042) how long Covid can affect organs and tissues around the body. The symptoms of long Covid-related brain fog may vary over time. 

‘Many people have experienced brain fog while recovering from shorter episodes of Covid, too,’ says Dr Henderson. If you’re worried about Covid-related brain fog, speak to a doctor.

## How can I manage brain fog symptoms? 

### 1. Slow things down
Take regular moments to stop and refocus during the day. If you’ve just taken in some new information, find a quiet moment to process what you’ve learned.

### 2. Manage your stress
Mindfulness and meditation can [help you reduce stress](/your-health/how-to-stress-less-this-winter-a-psychologist-approved-toolkit/) and be more present. These strategies also help you absorb new information and recall it more easily.

### 3. Stay physically active
Physical activity benefits your mind as well as your body. Building a 20-minute walk into your day is a good place to start and an excuse to get some fresh air.

### 4. Prioritise your sleep
You can improve your [sleep quality](/your-health/how-to-sleep-better/) by sticking to a regular sleep routine. Avoiding caffeine and staying off electronic devices close to bedtime can help too.

### 5. Exercise your brain
Using visual clues and rhymes can help you recall important information. Repeating information out loud is another way to help your brain store information.

## How can I support someone with brain fog? 

Living with brain fog can make completing simple tasks very difficult and can lead to [stress](/medical-advice/mental-health/stress/) and [anxiety](/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/). 

‘There is lots of help available for those struggling with the disruption of brain fog,’ says Dr Henderson. If you know someone who is experiencing brain fog, here are some things you can do to help:

- Advise them to speak to a doctor about treatment options
- Encourage them to make lots of notes and take regular breaks
- Find a local support group about brain fog they can join
- Help them to remain focused by setting alarms and reminders
- If relevant, make adjustments to their work or learning environment

## When should I speak to a doctor?

Experiencing brain fog occasionally is normal, especially when there is an obvious cause, like being overtired, jetlagged, under the weather or stressed. Usually, it will ease over time without treatment.

You should see a doctor if brain fog is preventing you from carrying out daily tasks or causing you distress – for example, if you’re forgetting to pay bills or how to get to familiar places.

You should also seek advice if lifestyle changes are not helping, your memory is getting steadily worse or your anxiety is becoming intense.

__This article has been medically approved by Lead GP at Kry, Dr Bryony Henderson.__


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Brain fog

What causes brain fog and what does it feel like? Read our guide to understanding the causes and symptoms of brain fog – and when to seek help

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Everything you need to know about brain fog | Kry UK

Everything you need to know about brain fog

Finding a spot, lump or bump on your penis can be worrying, but it’s important to find out what’s causing it. Some spots are harmless – but they can also be caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or something more serious. 

That’s why it’s important to speak to a GP or visit a sexual health clinic if you notice a spot or lump on your penis.

Here, we share 10 of the most common causes and how and when to seek help.

## 1. Pearly penile papules
Pearly penile papules are small, flesh-coloured lumps that grow in 1 to 2 rows around the head of the penis. The cause of these lumps isn’t completely understood, but they’re not due to STIs or bad hygiene. They’re quite common and can affect up to half of people with penises. 

__What to do:__
There’s no need to worry about this type of lump, as it causes no symptoms and doesn’t need treatment.

## 2. Fordyce spots
Fordyce spots are oil glands that don’t contain hair follicles. They appear as small white or yellowish spots that can develop on various parts of the body, including the lips and inside the cheeks. They can also develop on the head and shaft of the penis. 

__What to do:__
These spots are harmless and don’t require treatment.

## 3. Skin tags
Skin tags are soft, skin-coloured growths that develop as we age. They’re usually found on the neck, armpits or groin, but they can develop on the penis too. 

__What to do:__
They’re not a cause for concern, but they can be removed if they bother you or for aesthetic purposes.

## 4. Dermatitis
Dermatitis in the genital area, or ‘penile eczema’, is a condition that causes the skin there to be itchy, dry and discoloured. The penis might also appear scaly, ashen or purple-grey in darker skin tones and red in lighter skin tones. 

__What to do:__
The main treatment is to make sure the skin in the area is well moisturised and not irritated. Steroid creams may help in some cases but it’s better to see a doctor to get a diagnosis rather than self medicate.

## 5. Lichen planus
Lichen planus is a purple-red, blotchy rash that can appear on different parts of the body, including the penis. The rash can be uncomfortable and very itchy.

__What to do:__
A doctor will often prescribe a soothing cream or ointment. In some cases, you might need a short course of steroid cream to help relieve the symptoms.

## 6. Molluscum contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum is a skin infection caused by a virus, which causes firm, raised spots on the skin that develop in clusters. The spots have a distinctive small dimple in the middle. The spots might not be painful, but they can be itchy. They can occur anywhere on the body, including the penis and groin. 

The condition is contagious and can be spread easily to other people through direct skin contact, touching contaminated objects and sexual contact. The condition can be categorised as an STI if the spot is on the genitals and the individual is still sexually active. 

__What to do:__
If you think you may have molluscum contagiosum, speak to a doctor. The condition can get better on its own, but creams or gel treatments and minor procedures like cryotherapy are available to help.

## 7. Genital warts
This is an STI caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) that causes painless, small, fleshy growths on the shaft, head or under the foreskin of the penis. It’s a common STI that is passed on via sexual activity. 

__What to do:__
If you think you have genital warts, you should stop all sexual activity and visit a sexual health clinic. Treatments include a topical cream, freezing the warts or surgery to remove them. There’s no cure for genital warts, but your body can fight the virus over time.

## 8. Genital herpes
Genital herpes is an STI caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which causes small blisters, open sores or grey-white sores around the penis. The sores can be painful or itchy and you might experience a burning sensation around your penis. 

__What to do:__
There’s no cure for the virus, but the condition can be managed with antiviral medication. Condoms can help prevent any spreading of the virus.

## 9. Syphilis
This is an STI caused by bacteria that leads to white or discoloured, painless ulcers forming on or around the penis. 

__What to do:__
Syphilis can be treated easily with a course of antibiotics. But if syphilis is left untreated, it can lead to significant complications. It’s important that you see a doctor, either your GP or at a sexual health clinic. 

## 10. Penile cancer
This is a very rare type of cancer that affects the skin of the penis and the foreskin. It may cause a growth or sore that doesn’t heal, bleeding from the penis or foreskin, a rash, and changes in the colour of the skin or foreskin of the penis.

Other symptoms include unintentional weight loss, feeling tired, a lump in your groin and stomach pain. 

__What to do:__
If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms, speak to a GP as soon as possible.

## When should I speak to a doctor?

Speak to a doctor if you have any of these symptoms or notice a new lump or spot on your penis of any kind.

If you have a spot or lump on your penis, you should stop any sexual activity until you’ve spoken to a doctor to ensure you don’t pass on any STIs to your partner. 

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Bryony Henderson, lead GP at Kry.__


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Spots on penis

Found a spot or bump on your penis? It could be many different things, some perfectly harmless. Here are the key causes and what to do.

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Spots on my penis – what are the key causes? | Kry UK

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