kry.co.uk > Your health

Health information, articles, news and advice for NHS patients.

kry.co.uk > Your health > Metainfo

Your health | KRY

Kry.co.uk > Womens health hub > Banner

Thanks to rising media coverage and more research, menopause is finally being talked about more. But hormone replacement therapy (HRT) continues to be misunderstood. 

Used by more than [1 million women](https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng23/chapter/context) in the UK and 5 million across Europe, HRT helps to treat the symptoms of menopause, like vaginal dryness, hot flushes and sleep problems. But an increase in demand in the UK – with [prescriptions doubling](https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/news/hrt-prescriptions-more-than-double-in-five-years-despite-supply-shortages) over the past 5 years in England – has led to supply issues for certain HRT products.

‘Menopause is a natural part of ageing that occurs when oestrogen and progesteron levels drop,’ says Dr Elisabeth Rosén, a Kry doctor who specialises in gynaecology and obstetrics. ‘Menopausal symptoms can impact a person’s mental and physical health, career and relationships. Taking HRT can improve symptoms of menopause as well as your quality of life.’ 

## What is HRT? 

HRT is a widely used treatment to help with menopausal symptoms. As its name suggests, HRT replaces the main female reproductive hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which start to decline as you approach menopause. The hormones in HRT mimic the ones produced by the ovaries.

Although HRT can reduce or relieve menopausal symptoms, a [2002 study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31540401/) led people and doctors to believe that HRT had more risks than benefits. Since then, the results have been reanalysed and the opposite was found to be true in many cases. But the damage done by the trial on public opinion persisted, depriving many women of effective treatment for their menopausal symptoms. Today, the benefits of HRT are gradually reaching more and more women. 

‘Although there’s been huge scepticism towards HRT in the past, current research shows that there are long-term benefits of taking it for many women,’ says Dr Rosén.

## What are the signs that I may need HRT?

‘You can usually start HRT as soon as you start experiencing [symptoms of the perimenopause](/your-health/7-signs-of-perimenopause-a-doctors-guide/) – the transitional stage before menopause,’ explains Dr Rosén. ‘If you suffer from hot flushes and sweating, HRT might be useful for you.’ You may have some or all of the following symptoms: 

- Hot flushes
- Erratic periods
- Mood swings
- Sleeplessness
- Lower sex drive 
- [Vaginal dryness ](/your-health/causes-of-vaginal-dryness/)
- Urinary weakness
- Night sweats

A doctor may also recommend HRT if:

- You’re under 45 and have menopausal symptoms. Early menopause happens in around 5% of women.
- You experience menopausal symptoms before the age of 40. This is a condition known as premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), which happens in around 1% of women.

## What are the different types of HRT? 

There are 2 main types of HRT:

1. __Combined HRT__ – this is a combination of oestrogen and progesterone, which is suitable if you have not had a hysterectomy (an operation to remove the uterus).
2. __Oestrogen only__ – this type of HRT contains no progestogen, which protects the lining of the uterus. It’s used if you’ve had a hysterectomy or you use an [intrauterine system (IUS)](/medical-advice/contraception/hormonal-contraceptives/).

There are several ways of taking HRT, including: 

- Tablets, which are often the simplest way 
- HRT patches that you stick on your skin 
- Oestrogen gel that’s rubbed on your skin every day
- Vaginal oestrogen, which is available as a cream, ring or pessary, placed inside your vagina to relieve dryness
- Implants that are inserted under your skin 

## How do I get started on HRT? 

If menopausal symptoms are affecting your life, it’s important you speak to a doctor who can help you choose the most suitable type of HRT treatment – dependent on your symptoms. 

‘Usually, you can start HRT as soon as you have menopausal symptoms without the need for any tests first,’ says Dr Rosén. ‘But if you’re under the age of 45, a doctor might want to check your levels of the luteinising hormone (LH) or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) if they suspect you have premature menopause or POI. And to investigate other conditions that could potentially be the cause behind the symptoms.’ 

‘HRT can start working as soon as you take it. Some women find they feel better quickly, while others can take longer to feel the full effects. The dose can be adjusted so that you get a treatment that helps your symptoms without causing too many side effects,’

## Can you take HRT for the rest of your life?

‘Current guidelines suggest using the lowest dose of HRT for the shortest time needed to treat symptoms,’ explains Dr Rosén. ‘But  it’s very much based on the individual, so, if the benefits outweigh the risks, it’s possible to extend taking it.’ 

## What are the benefits of HRT? 

### Menopausal symptom relief

‘HRT is the most effective way to relieve symptoms of menopause,’ says Dr Rosén. ‘Hot flushes and sweating are usually considered the key indications for needing treatment, but it may also improve sleeping problems. This is probably because by reducing the nightly hot flushes, you’ll likely have better quality sleep.’

### Bone health

‘HRT can also benefit bone health,’ says Dr Rosén. ‘It can help prevent osteoporosis, which is more common after menopause because reduced oestrogen can result in decreased bone mass.’ 

### Heart health

‘There’s also evidence to suggest that HRT can protect you from heart disease,’ says Dr Rosén. 

### Dementia prevention

‘There’s also some evidence that it may protect you from getting dementia later in life,’ says Dr Rosén. 

## Are there any risks of taking HRT? 

When it comes to taking HRT, it’s also important to be aware of the risks, which vary from one person to another. ‘For many women, the benefits of HRT are believed to outweigh the risks,’ says Dr Rosén. 

### Breast cancer

If you’re taking oestrogen-only HRT, there’s little or no change in your risk of breast cancer. 
With combined HRT, there may be a small increase in the risk of breast cancer. 

[One new study](https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m3873) found that there was no increased risk of taking HRT for a year or less. But the risks of breast cancer increased with the duration of taking HRT – which was higher if taken for longer than 5 years. 

### Blood clots 

Research shows that HRT tablets are linked with a higher risk of developing a blood clot.
There’s no increased risk of developing a blood clot from HRT gels or patches.

If you’re concerned about the risks, speak to a doctor. HRT may not be suitable for you if:

- You have a history of breast, ovarian or womb cancer
- You have high blood pressure, which is untreated
- You have a history of blood clots
- You have liver disease
- You’re pregnant 

## What are the possible HRT side effects? 

When you start taking HRT, you may experience side effects from oestrogen and progestogen, including: 

- Breast tenderness or swelling
- Bloating
- Fluid retention
- Headaches 
- Vaginal bleeding
- Mood changes 
- Indigestion 
- Feeling sick
- Leg cramps

‘The HRT side effects you experience will usually improve after a couple of weeks,’ says Dr Rosén. If they don’t improve after 3 months, speak to a doctor who may suggest an alternative treatment plan. 

## How do I go about stopping HRT? 

If you’re thinking of stopping HRT, you can either gradually reduce your dose or stop immediately. If you’re wondering the best way to go about this, speak to a doctor. 

‘Many women stop taking HRT once their symptoms pass. After you stop taking it, your body will have to adjust to your new lower levels of oestrogen,’ says Dr Rosén.

## What are the alternatives to HRT? 

If you choose not to take HRT or are unable to, there are some alternatives you can try. 

### 1. Lifestyle changes 

Following a healthy lifestyle can help to improve symptoms. These include:

- Exercising at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity per week 
- 2-3 sessions of strength training each week 
- Eating a healthy diet full of foods rich in calcium and vitamin D
- Cutting down on caffeine and alcohol 
- Giving up smoking 

### 2. Talking therapy 

If you’re struggling to cope with the psychological symptoms of menopause, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a type of [talking therapy](/your-health/is-talking-therapy-for-me/) that can help you develop practical ways of managing problems. It also provides you with coping strategies for anxiety, low mood and stress related to menopause. 

There’s also evidence that CBT can help you manage night sweats, hot flushes, sleep problems and insomnia. 

### 3. Bioidentical HRT (or body identical HRT) 

If you’re looking into options for treating your menopausal symptoms, you may have come across bioidentical or ‘natural’ hormones. Bioidentical HRT resembles the ones our body naturally produces, particularly progesterone. They are made from plant-based sources, and many women opt for them because these hormones are promoted as being a ‘safer’ or a more ‘natural’ alternative to standard HRT medicines.

## When should I speak to a doctor about HRT or menopausal symptoms?

If you’re experiencing any menopause-related symptoms that are affecting your daily life, it’s a good idea to book an appointment with a doctor. 

It’s also best to speak to a doctor if:

- You have any bleeding at all after menopause 
- You’re experiencing low mood or depressive symptoms 
- You’re having difficulty sleeping

## The bottom line
‘Although there’s been huge scepticism towards HRT in the past, current research shows that there are long-term benefits of taking it for many women,’ says Dr Rosén.

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Elisabeth Rosén, a Kry doctor who specialises in gynaecology and obstetrics.__


Book an appointment > Brain fog

Speak to a GP about brain fog

What is HRT and how does it help with menopausal symptoms?

What are the biggest HRT benefits? How long does HRT take to work? Dr Elisabeth Rosén, a women’s health specialist, shares everything you need to know about HRT

What is HRT and how does it help with menopausal symptoms? | Kry

Medical reviewer

Dr Elisabeth Rosén

Specialist in gynaecology and obstetrics at Kry

Masturbation involves touching yourself for pleasure. But it’s a topic that many of us find difficult to talk about. Some people feel shame when it comes to touching themselves, but there’s no need to do so. Masturbation is a normal and healthy way to express yourself and your sexuality. 

‘It’s important to remember that most people masturbate – and it can be a form of self-care,’ says Beatrice Lindéh, a Kry psychologist specialising in sex.

## What exactly is masturbation?

Masturbation, or self-pleasuring, is touching parts of your body for sexual pleasure – usually the penis, scrotum, clitoris, vulva, breasts and anus. It can involve more than just the genitals, as the entire body is sensitive to sexual stimulation.
‘Masturbation is really about having sex with yourself,’ says Lindéh. 

Where, how and with what objects people masturbate varies widely. ‘Most people use stimulation in the form of fantasies, toys, films, sounds or images,’ says Lindéh. Masturbation can also happen between two people, which is known as mutual masturbation. 

## Why does masturbation feel good?

‘Our genitals have nerve endings that, when stimulated, signal to our brains that sex is about to happen. The genitals swell and produce natural lubrication, your pulse goes up and you feel aroused. If you continue masturbating, you may have an orgasm,’ explains Lindéh. 

In response to both the arousal and orgasm, hormones are released that make us feel [calm, relaxed and happy](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333617480_Sayin_HU_Pleasure-High-on-Dopamine_A_Multidisciplinary_Academic_Journal_Published_Quarterly_by_CISEATED-ASEHERT_www_SAYIN_HU_Getting_High_on_Dopamine_Pleasure_SexuS_Journal_4_11_883-906_MARCH_Part-1_G).

## How does masturbation work for…

### People with vaginas?

If you have a vagina, you can masturbate by stimulating your vulva in different ways. ‘It might involve the labia, the clitoris, the vagina or the anus,’ says Lindéh. 

### People with penises?

‘If you have a penis, you’ll usually masturbate by rhythmically moving the foreskin up and down across the penis and by stroking the penis and scrotum,’ says Lindéh. ‘Some enjoy stimulating the anus with their fingers or toys. Some people use lubrication when masturbating, which is helpful if you’re circumcised.’

## How can masturbation help people explore their gender and sexuality?

‘Feeling connected to your body helps, and my advice is just to do what feels good,’ says Lindéh. 

Usually, touching your genitals is necessary to orgasm, but this isn’t the only way to feel good. You might focus on other sensitive body parts.

[Recent research](https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1487683&dswid=-5830) has found that masturbation can be beneficial for people experiencing feelings of discomfort about how their body looks or feeling a mismatch between their biological sex and their gender identity (also known as gender dysphoria). Experts found that masturbation helped to encourage body acceptance, discover likes and dislikes, and communicate boundaries.

## Is masturbation healthy?

In short, yes. The benefits of masturbation are wide-ranging: 

### 1. It helps you get to know your body
Sexually, it’s one of the best ways to get to know your body and how you like to be touched, which promotes what’s known as genital confidence.

### 2. It can make sex more enjoyable
Getting to know yourself better can [improve sex](/your-health/6-health-benefits-of-sex/) – whether you have sex on your own or with other people.

### 3. It can boost your sex drive
Masturbation can help with a spell of [low libido](/your-health/8-causes-of-low-libido-a-doctors-guide/) and help increase feelings of arousal.

### 4. It can help you last longer
For people with penises, it can be a way to learn to last longer during sex if they’re experiencing [premature ejaculation](/your-health/what-causes-premature-ejaculation-and-what-can-help/).

### 5. It may lower your risk of prostate cancer 
There’s evidence that ejaculating frequently may [lower the risk of prostate cancer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27033442/).

### 6. It can relieve pain and help you relax
Orgasm has a pain-relieving effect and is used by some women as pain relief during menstruation and in some cultures during childbirth. Some people use masturbation to help them relax and go to sleep.

## What happens if you masturbate too much?

As long as masturbation makes you feel good and you don’t cause harm to yourself or others, there’s no such thing as too much masturbation. 

‘If you start staying home from work or you end relationships just to masturbate, it could be a sign of masturbation addiction,’ says Lindéh. This is when it may be helpful to speak to a doctor or therapist. 

Masturbating a lot can result in chafing – though that can also be a case of needing more or better lubrication.

## How can I orgasm through masturbation?

If you’re struggling to orgasm, most of the time it’s because you’re tense or anxious. ‘Try to relax,’ says Lindéh. ‘Light some candles, make it cosy and have some alone time. Thinking of it as a date with yourself tends to help.’

It’s also perfectly normal to be nervous if you’re not used to masturbating, so try to be patient. ‘Explore and try different things. Take a few [deep breaths](/your-health/3-breathing-exercises-a-psychologist-recommends/) and start carefully and gently,’ adds Lindéh.

If you’re worried or struggling to achieve orgasm, you could talk to a doctor or therapist.

## When should I speak to a doctor?

Talk to a doctor if you experience any of the following:

- Pain in or around your genitals
- [Difficulty getting an erection](/your-health/erection-problems-a-doctors-guide-to-getting-help/)
- Difficulty having an orgasm
- Ejaculating too quickly or not at all
- A lack of desire and arousal

Similarly, if you feel ashamed of masturbating or anything else related to your sexuality, it’s a good idea to try talking about it. 

‘A sexual therapist or psychologist can usually help, or you can try to talk to your partner or your friends,’ advises Lindéh. ‘Shame is a feeling we really don’t need in our lives.’

__This article was medically reviewed by Beatrice Lindéh, a Kry psychologist specialising in sex.__

Speak to a GP about masturbation

Your health > Is masturbation good for you?

Is masturbation good for you

Is masturbation good for you? Read our guide to what happens in your body when you masturbate, why it feels good and what to do if you’re struggling to orgasm

Is masturbation good for you?

Is masturbation good for you? | Kry

Medical reviewer > Beatrice Lindéh

Beatrice Lindéh

Psychologist at Kry who specialises in sex

Sexual health and contraceptives

Sexual health

Whether you’re planning a pregnancy and want to get ahead of the signs or you think you may be pregnant now, it’s important to remember that the early signs of pregnancy can be different for everyone. 

That said, there are some common signs to look out for – even before you’ve taken a pregnancy test. A missed period, nausea and tiredness are some of the most common signs during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.

## What are early pregnancy symptoms?

Every pregnancy is different. You might experience noticeable changes in your body a few days after conception, or you might not notice any symptoms until you miss your first period. 

Here, Dr Rosén shares the most common early signs of pregnancy.

### 1. A missed period
‘A missed period is the most obvious symptom of pregnancy,’ says Dr Rosén. It’s important to note that your period may be late for lots of different reasons, and it doesn’t necessarily mean you’re pregnant. Either way, it’s a good idea to take a home pregnancy test to rule it out. 

Getting to know [your menstrual cycle](/your-health/your-menstrual-cycle-explained/) can help you determine if a [changed or missed period](/your-health/what-causes-heavy-or-irregular-periods-a-doctors-guide/) is normal or a sign of pregnancy. 

### 2. Nausea and vomiting
Nausea and vomiting is a very common early pregnancy sign and it happens in around [75% of pregnant women](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/999). ‘Nausea or morning sickness, with or without vomiting, usually starts a few weeks after conception,’ says Dr Rosén. ‘It can happen day or night.’

The reason for morning sickness isn’t fully understood. ‘It’s thought to be linked to hormonal changes caused by pregnancy,’ says Dr Rosén. To help, drink plenty of water, eat small portions of food often and avoid fatty and spicy foods, which can aggravate nausea.

### 3. Tiredness
Tiredness is a common early sign of pregnancy. ‘In early pregnancy, our progesterone hormone increases to support the pregnancy until the placenta is fully developed,’ says Dr Rosén. ‘This can cause your blood sugar levels and blood pressure to drop, which can make you feel tired. Some women may also get headaches and mood swings during the first trimester because of this.’

Try introducing light exercise or walking outside to help with fatigue.

### 4. Implantation bleeding or vaginal discharge
Some women will experience bleeding or [spotting](/your-health/whats-causing-my-spotting-in-between-periods/) when pregnant, called implantation bleeding. This can be concerning, but it happens often in the early stages of pregnancy.

‘When the egg implants into the lining of the uterus, it can cause some bleeding. This happens around 10-14 days after conception, and can be mistaken for a period,’ says Dr Rosén. ‘It’s also typical to have some milky/whitish vaginal discharge because of hormonal changes.’

If you’re concerned about implantation bleeding or experience heavy bleeding, speak to a doctor or midwife.

### 5. Mild cramping
Cramping that’s similar to period pains can be another pregnancy symptom. ‘This happens because when the fertilised egg is implanted into the uterus, it causes the uterus to slowly grow and stretch,’ Dr Rosén explains.

### 6. Swollen or tender breasts
In the first few weeks of pregnancy, your breasts may feel swollen and tender, similar to before a period. This happens because of hormonal changes and increased blood flow to the breasts.

### 7. Changes to your pee or poo habits
‘You might need to pee more because there’s more fluid running through your blood vessels, which encourages your kidneys to make more urine,’ says Dr Rosén. ‘Higher levels of progesterone can also cause constipation, as digestion slows down while the placenta is being developed. To help, drink plenty of water and eat high-fibre foods like leafy greens or wholegrains.’

## What symptoms should I speak to a doctor about?

‘Always discuss your pregnancy symptoms with your doctor or midwife – especially any symptom that worries you, or that you can’t explain,’ says Dr Rosén.

Always speak to a doctor if you’re experiencing:

- Heavy vaginal bleeding
- Intense headaches or a headache that lasts over a week
- Breathlessness or trouble breathing
- [Lower abdominal pain](/your-health/what-causes-lower-abdominal-pain-in-women/) or pelvic pain
- Swelling of your hands, face or legs

## When should I take a pregnancy test?

The best way to find out if you’re pregnant is to take a pregnancy test. You can [take a pregnancy test](https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/12/2/e054120.full.pdf) from the first day of your missed period. 

‘Pregnancy tests analyse the levels of HCG, a hormone produced by cells surrounding the fertilised egg – the same cells that become the placenta,’ says Dr Rosén.

If you’ve had a positive pregnancy test, the next step is to speak to a doctor or local maternity services. Your healthcare team will provide you with information and support throughout your pregnancy.

## What should I do if I don’t want to follow through with my pregnancy?

It should be every woman’s own choice to go through with a pregnancy or not. If you’re in doubt about what to do if you’re pregnant, there are [confidential support services](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/abortion/) available to get guidance.

‘Abortions are very safe, and even if the actual process may be painful both physically and psychologically, it’s extremely rare that it causes long-term problems,’ says Dr Rosén.

If you become unexpectantly pregnant after unprotected sex, there are steps to take to minimise the chance of further unexpected pregnancies. You can speak to a doctor or local sexual health services about [contraception options](/medical-advice/contraception/).

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Elisabeth Rosén, a Kry doctor who specialises in obstetrics.__

Speak to a GP about pregnancy

Your health > What are the early signs of pregnancy?

Early signs of pregnancy

Do you think you could be pregnant? Learn how to recognise the early signs of pregnancy, as well as tips and advice on how to manage pregnancy symptoms.

What are the early signs of pregnancy? | Kry

Fertility and pregnancy

What are the early signs of pregnancy?

When we think about sexual health, it’s easy to focus on the physical aspects like sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unplanned pregnancies. But there’s so much more to looking after your sexual health. 

## Why is sexual health and wellbeing important?

According to the [World Health Organization](https://www.who.int/health-topics/sexual-health#tab=tab_1), sexual health includes sexual orientation and gender identity, sexual expression, relationships and pleasure.

‘Sexual health plays a major role in our overall health and wellbeing – whether it’s about getting pregnant, having a good time or building a strong bond with a partner,’ explains Beatrice Lindéh, a Livi psychologist who specialises in sex. 

Sexual wellbeing might mean different things from person to person. Essentially, feeling satisfied, safe and free to explore all adds up to sexual health and happiness. 

## How can I boost my sexual health and wellbeing?

### 1. Get to know your body 

Exploring your body and learning what feels pleasurable isn’t just fun – it’s also good for you. ‘It’s important to get to know yourself, discover what you desire and learn about your body and how it works,’ Lindéh says. 

‘Try standing in front of the mirror wearing as few clothes as possible. Look for things you like or acknowledge the ways you appreciate your body. You can also do this exercise through touch. Notice how different areas of your body feel alone or with a partner, without any judgement.’ 

### 2. Be open with your partner

Communication is necessary for every healthy sexual [relationship](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/5-ways-to-build-a-stronger-relationship-a-therapists-toolkit/). Although it can sometimes feel daunting, talking to your partner openly and honestly about your likes and dislikes is key. [Research has found](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26900897/) that couples in long-term relationships who sexually communicate have better sex and maintain a higher level of passion. 

Try to avoid accusing language, like ‘you don’t initiate sex’. Instead, Lindéh recommends leading with your own point of view: 

- ‘I feel like…’ 
- ‘I like it when you…’ 
- ‘I feel most aroused when…’

### 3. Don’t see penetrative sex as the only goal

Pleasurable sexual encounters don’t have to be limited to penetrative sex. ‘Forget everything you know about foreplay. All sex is sex – whether it’s kissing, massaging different erogenous zones, fingering or oral sex. Penetrative sex doesn’t even have to be a part of how you enjoy sex,’ explains Lindéh.

The majority of women need other sexual stimulation besides penetration to orgasm. [One study](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0092623X.2017.1346530) found that 36% of women needed clitoral stimulation to orgasm, and another 36% said it enhanced the experience.

### 4. Take ownership of your own pleasure 

Masturbation is not just enjoyable – it also has a variety of health benefits. ‘As well as boosting self-esteem, masturbation increases your sex drive, improves body confidence and triggers the release of a whole bunch of hormones and chemicals to make you feel good,’ says Lindéh.

Here are some ways you can increase your own self-pleasure:

__- Introduce sex toys__ – explore the difference between manual stimulation and sex toys. It’s often easier to orgasm with some help from a vibrator. 
__- Experiment with lube__ – If you experience vaginal dryness or are circumcised, lubricant can help. Rub it on any area of the body that feels good.
__- Set the mood__ – whether you like candles, dark or natural light, create the right environment for yourself to relax. 
__- Practise edging__ – delaying orgasm is an effective way to make it more intense. When you feel close to orgasm, take a few deep breaths to calm down, then start again.

### 5. Protect your physical health 

An important part of sexual health is, of course, being aware of the risks involved with sex and taking control of protecting yourself against STIs or unplanned pregnancy. 

‘Practising safe sex allows you to relax and reduce any anxiety or worry,’ explains Lindéh. ‘Condoms are the only birth control that protect you from STIs when you engage in vaginal, oral or anal sex.’

To protect your sexual health, get tested for STIs regularly and always after you’ve had [unprotected sex](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/what-to-do-after-unprotected-sex/) with a new partner. 

### 6. Make some lifestyle tweaks

Living healthily can increase your sex drive, improve body confidence and help with sexual problems. 

‘Eating well, getting enough sleep, exercising and having time for yourself all benefit your sexual health,’ explains Lindéh. Research shows that physical exercise not only improves body image but can also help [improve erectile dysfunction](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960035/). 

Kegel exercises, which [strengthen the pelvic floor](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/how-to-exercise-weak-pelvic-floor-muscles/), are also beneficial for both men and women. ‘Kegels can help improve your ability to orgasm, increase vaginal lubrication and help with erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation,’ says Lindéh.

### 7. Consider therapy 

Talking therapy and specifically sex therapy can help to build your sexual confidence. Sex therapists can help people with a wide variety of sexual issues, including:

- [Low libido](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/8-causes-of-low-libido-a-doctors-guide/) or lack of desire
- Premature ejaculation
- Difficulty having an orgasm 
- [Painful sex](https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/what-causes-painful-sex-and-pain-after-sex/) or difficulty with penetration
- Being unable to keep or get an erection 

‘Sexual trauma can affect your sex drive and the way you experience sexual encounters,’ Lindéh says. ‘Through therapy, you can learn how to process and cope with trauma to take care of your sexual wellness.’

## When should I see a doctor about my sexual health? 

If you have symptoms or concerns about your sexual health, speak to a doctor for support. You could also make an appointment if: 

- You’re having problems with your sex drive
- You’re experiencing pain in and/or around your genitals
- You have difficulty reaching orgasm
- You have difficulty getting or maintaining an erection 
- You have anxious feelings about your sex life

__This article was medically reviewed by Beatrice Lindéh, a Livi psychologist who specialises in sex.__

Your health > 7 ways to boost your sexual health and wellbeing

boost-your-sexual-health

Prioritising your sexual wellness can help build body confidence and improve communication. Here are 7 psychologist-backed ways to improve your sexual health

7 ways to boost your sexual health and wellbeing | Kry

7 ways to boost your sexual health and wellbeing

We know that exercise can help to strengthen our heart and stave off major illnesses like type 2 diabetes and [stroke](/medical-advice/cardiovascular-diseases/stroke/). But it’s becoming clear that it can also have positive effects on our mental wellbeing, with some countries even prescribing exercise as a treatment for looking after your mental health.

If you’re in need of more motivation to join that running club or sign up to that yoga class, we’ve dived into the latest research to discover the biggest benefits.

## How can physical activity benefit my mental health?

Evidence shows that exercise can help you:

- Deal with stress better 
- Have more restful sleep 
- Naturally boost your mood
- Improve your self-confidence 

It doesn’t take hours of exercise to reap the benefits, either. One study found that just [10 minutes](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01654-z) of running can boost mood. Another revealed that [moving around a little throughout the day](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215036620300341) instead of staying seated for hours at a time can stave off depression symptoms. 

While it’s not a cure, research shows that being active can help you manage the symptoms of mental health conditions, from [anxiety](/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/) to depression to ADHD. 

### Exercise can help calm anxiety 

[A large study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34566716/) that followed nearly 200,000 skiers over 21 years found that regular exercise reduced the risk of developing anxiety by almost 60%.

Anxiety has three parts to it, which act in a cycle. ‘Exercise can interrupt the anxious cycle,’ explains Erik Nordlund, Kry physiotherapist and mental health specialist. ‘Lighter activities, like yoga or walking, activate the part of the nervous system that helps you relax, reducing the physical effects of anxiety.’

### Exercise can build your resilience to stress

[Stress](/your-health/physical-signs-of-stress-on-the-body/) causes a rise in your heart rate, blood pressure and hormones like cortisol and adrenaline to help you respond to a threat or challenge. Once the threat is over, everything usually returns to normal. But it’s also possible to get ‘stuck’ in a state of chronic stress. 

[Research](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33829973/) has shown that exercise can improve how you handle stress. ‘Physical activity helps normalise the stress system by prompting the body to go into recovery mode,’ explains Nordlund. ‘Being active is a way you can use the stress response to your advantage.’ 

In particular, doing exercise like [yoga](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22365651/) can activate your parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for rest and recovery and helps lower your stress levels. 

### Exercise may help you get better sleep

Regular, moderate exercise has been [shown to promote more restful sleep](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32409017/), which helps keep your mood stable and cope with day-to-day life.

‘By burning energy and tiring out your muscles, you create an incentive for your body to go into rest mode,’ explains Nordlund. ‘Naturally, this causes sleepiness.’ And the research proves it – exercise can particularly [improve sleep](/your-health/how-to-sleep-better/) for people who find it hard to doze off.

### Exercise can lift your mood

Although exercise can tire you out, it also delivers a boost of feel-good energy. These positive feelings are caused by the release of hormones. ‘Oxytocin is a social hormone, but we also get it from exercise,’ says Nordlund. ‘When you combine it with the endorphin release from exercise, you feel happy.’

Along with affecting your brain chemistry, exercise has been shown to benefit your state of mind. The positive psychological effects of exercise include: 

__- Increasing your self-confidence__ by proving you can face tough activities and achieve your goals.

__- Providing a positive distraction__ by shifting your attention from negative thoughts to physical activity.

__- Creating social connections__ by playing a competitive sport or exercising in a group, which naturally lifts your self-esteem.

### Exercise may relieve ADHD symptoms

Exercise that raises your heart rate (such as cardio) can help with [ADHD symptoms](/medical-advice/learning-disabilities/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/), improving:

- Self-control
- Response times
- Attention span

A study of children with ADHD has shown that physical activity can improve aggressive behaviours, social problems, and anxiety and depression. Some of these benefits may be because exercise stimulates new brain cells to grow, especially in young kids. 

### Exercise can fight depression symptoms

Light, moderate and vigorous exercise have all been shown to ease the [symptoms of depression](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6437683) in a similar way to antidepressant medication.

There are several theories about why exercise is helpful in [depression](/medical-advice/mental-health/depression). It could be because getting active: 

- Stimulates new brain cells to grow
- Increases serotonin, a hormone that affects mood 
- Reduces inflammation, which could be related to depression 

‘Motivation is a common obstacle to exercise for people with depression,’ says Nordlund. ‘Try to make sure all your other basic needs are met, such as eating, sleeping and getting help in the form of counselling or medication.’

## What kind of exercises are best for your mental health?

A [study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30099000/) of more than 1 million people found that all kinds of physical exercise helped with mental health.

‘The best type of exercise is one that is achievable for you, that you enjoy and that you can do regularly,’ says Nordlund. Stuck for inspiration? Try a walking or running club, dancing, joining a local sports team or resistance training like weight-lifting or high-intensity interval training (HIIT). 

## Can exercise ever become harmful to our mental health?

‘Sometimes people use exercise to avoid feelings or control their situation, especially if they suffer from an anxiety condition like [obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)](/medical-advice/mental-health/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/) or an eating disorder,’ says Nordlund. ‘This can make anxiety worse in the long term, as well as risking injury from overtraining.’ 

If you feel dependent on exercise or think you’re doing too much, it’s a good idea to speak to a doctor, physiotherapist or psychologist to help you get the balance right. 

## When should I talk to a doctor about my mental health? 

Despite its many benefits, exercise isn’t the only solution for a mental health problem. Make an appointment with a GP if you’re struggling to cope with your feelings or symptoms.

__This article has been medically reviewed by mental health specialist Erik Nordlund.__

kry.co.uk    >        article page >        CTA

Need to talk to a GP?

Your health > Why is exercise so good for your mental health?

Why is exercise so good for your mental health?

From lowered stress and anxiety levels to better quality sleep, the latest research shows how exercise can improve your mental wellbeing. 

Your health > Why is exercise so good for your mental health? 

Why is exercise so good for your mental health? | Kry

Erik Nordlund

Mental health specialist

Donating blood can be a lifeline to someone in need. It’s estimated that one blood donation can save up to 3 lives. While there’s no doubt saving a life is the biggest positive impact you can make, donating blood can come with even more benefits.

## What are the benefits of donating blood?

### You’ll be giving back to your community
A lot of people donate blood simply because it feels good to help others. [Research has found that altruism](https://journals.lww.com/asaiojournal/Fulltext/2001/01000/Altruism_and_the_Volunteer__Psychological_Benefits.2.aspx), or helping other people, can boost your mental health too.

### It may benefit your cardiovascular health
Regularly giving blood may be linked to a lower [risk of cardiovascular disease](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3663474/).

## Who can give blood?

You can give blood if you’re:
- Generally healthy
- Between the ages of 17 and 65
- Weigh at least 50kg and under 158kg
- Meet all the donor eligibility criteria, which will be checked when you donate

## Who can’t give blood?

There are some things that might prevent you from donating blood, such as if you have: 
- A history of cancer
- Some heart conditions
- HIV
- Had an organ transplant
- Hepatitis B or C
- Injected some non-prescribed medicines
- Received blood, platelets, plasma or any other blood products after 1 January 1980 

You may have to wait to give blood if:
- You feel unwell
- You’re pregnant or recently had a baby
- You’ve recently had a tattoo or piercing
- You’ve travelled to and from certain countries
- You’re waiting for a diagnosis for some medical reasons
- You’ve taken pre-exposure prophylaxis or post-exposure prophylaxis in the past 3 months
- You’ve had sexual contact with a partner who is positive for an STI

## What happens at the blood donation appointment? 

### Before

It’s important to confirm that you’re fit and healthy to give blood, so some questions may be asked depending on what you’ve written on your Donor Safety Check form. Sometimes you may be asked to see a nurse before you can donate.

If all is well, you’ll be checked to make sure you have enough haemoglobin. A small drop of blood will be taken from your finger. This is put in a solution and the time it takes to drop to the bottom will show the team whether you can give blood. If the drop takes too long to sink, you’ll be offered further testing with a machine that gives a numerical haemoglobin value. 

### During

If everything is looking healthy, you’ll be taken to a donation chair. A needle will be placed in your arm and your blood collected. To encourage the flow of blood, a cuff will be placed on your arm and you may be advised to do some applied muscle tension exercises to make the flow even easier. 

A full donation of blood is 470ml and the machine will automatically stop when it reaches this level. The needle will be removed and a dressing put on top. It’s a good idea to keep pressure on the dressing to encourage healing. 

### After

You’ll be offered a drink and a snack following your donation. You’re encouraged to wait a short period of time before leaving to ensure you’re feeling well. If you’re feeling unwell at any point, alert a member of staff and they can help you. 

## What are the different blood types?

There are [4 main blood groups](https://www.blood.co.uk/why-give-blood/blood-types/), based on the antigens found on your blood cells: A, B, O and AB.

Your blood type will also be categorised as positive or negative based on whether a protein called an Rh antigen is found on the surface of your blood cells. This makes 8 different blood types in total: 

- A positive: 30% of people, the second-most common blood type
- A negative: 8% of people, the universal platelet type
- B positive: 8% of people, one of the rarest blood types
- B negative: 2% of people, one of the rarest blood types
- O positive: 35% of people, the most common blood type
- O negative: 13% of people, the universal donor type
- AB positive: 2% of people, one of the rarest blood types
- AB negative: 1% of people, the rarest blood type

### What blood type is the universal donor type?

O negative is the universal donor type, meaning it can be used in transfusions for everyone, no matter their blood type. 

### How do I know my blood type?
You’ll find out your blood type after your first blood donation. 

## Where does your blood go when you donate?

Giving blood helps people who:
- Have suffered a serious injury
- Have a condition like anaemia, cancer or a blood disorder
- Are having an operation or transplant

After you donate blood, it’s usually separated into its different components, such as red blood cells, platelets and plasma. This allows people to receive the specific component they need. 

## How much blood is taken?

The average person has nearly[ 5 litres of circulating blood](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30252333/). The volume of blood taken is usually 470ml, which is less than 10% of your total blood volume. It only takes around 36 hours for your body to replace the blood you donated.

### How do I donate blood?
You can register to give blood at[ https://my.blood.co.uk/preregister](https://my.blood.co.uk/preregister). Men can give blood every 12 weeks and women can give blood every 16 weeks. We’d encourage you to donate as often as you can. 

__This article was medically reviewed by Bryony Henderson, Lead GP at Kry.__ 


kry.co.uk  >    article page   >    CTA

Speak to a GP about giving blood

Kry.co.uk > Your health > What are the benefits of giving blood?

What are the benefits of giving blood?

Giving blood saves and improves lives, but there are even more reasons to roll up your sleeves. What are the other benefits of donating blood?

What are the benefits of giving blood? | Kry

General health

General health and seasonal

Words matter, especially during a doctor’s appointment. The right language can empower patients to communicate their needs and enable doctors to deliver the right care. 

‘It’s important for patients to feel heard and supported,’ says Dr Alessio Platania, Lead GP at Kry. ‘Inclusive language builds trust between patients and doctors so they can concentrate on finding the best solutions.’

This is a thorough but not complete list. When in doubt, always use the words someone uses to describe themselves. ‘If you’re not sure, just ask,’ says Dr Platania. 

## What’s the difference between sex and gender?

Biological sex is a label you’re assigned to at birth based on your visible external anatomy, genes and hormones. 

Gender is a social and cultural construct that traditionally refers to ‘woman’ and ‘man’, but there are many more gender identities. Someone may be non-binary, agender or gender fluid. 

## What do all the letters in LGBTQIA+ stand for?

### Lesbian
A woman who is sexually and/or emotionally attracted to other women.

### Gay 
A man who is sexually and/or emotionally attracted to other men.

### Bisexual 
Someone who is sexually and/or emotionally attracted to the same and other genders.

### Transgender 
Someone who has a gender identity that’s different from the gender they were assigned at birth.

### Queer 
Often used as an umbrella term referring to anyone who isn’t straight or cisgender. Historically, the term queer was used as a slur against LGBTQIA+ people, but in recent years it has been reclaimed. Queer is also often used as a broad rejection of labels, most often those for gender and sexual orientation.

### Questioning 
Someone who is not sure how they identify. Someone can be questioning their sexual orientation and/or their gender identity.

### Intersex 
Someone whose physical/hormonal/genetic characteristics do not fit neatly into the traditional definition of male or female. 

### Asexual 
Someone who experiences no, little or conditional sexual attraction to others. Asexuality exists on a broad spectrum and asexual people may experience other forms of attraction, like romantic or emotional. It’s also sometimes called ‘ace’.

### Ally
People who identify as cisgender and straight and support social and legal equality for LGBTQIA+ people are called allies.

## LGBTQIA+ healthcare glossary

### A

__Agender__
Not having a gender. This can mean being genderless or having a neutral or null gender. 

### B

__Back sex__
A term for anal sex that some people may prefer. (See front sex.)

__Binding__
Tightly wrapping the chest with cloth, bandages or a specially designed undergarment to minimise the appearance of breasts. 

__Bottom surgeries__
Gender-confirmation surgeries chosen by some trans people, which include the following: 
Phalloplasty (creating a masculine phallus)
Metoidioplasty (creating a masculine phallus using testosterone-enlarged clitoral tissue)
Vaginoplasty (creating a vagina)

### C

__Cisgender/Cis__
Someone whose gender identity and expression correspond with their assigned sex at birth. 

__Closeted__
A term for someone who isn’t open about their sexual orientation or gender identity.

__Coming out__
The process of exploring and accepting your sexual orientation or gender identity and sharing it with others. Coming out is not usually a single event. Someone may come out many times, for example to new friends, at a new job or at the hairdresser. 

### D

__Deadnaming__
Calling someone by their birth name after they have changed their name. Often associated with trans people who have changed their name.

__Demi-(a)sexual__
Someone who only experiences sexual attraction after establishing a close emotional and/or romantic connection with another person.

__Disclosing__
Revealing your transgender or other non-cisgender identity/orientation to someone else. Some people use it as an alternative to coming out. When disclosure occurs without someone’s consent, it’s also called ‘outing’.

__Drag__
Drag involves cross-dressing (dressing and presenting as a different gender) or having a persona or fictional character. While some people who do drag are gay or lesbian, drag performers can have any sexual orientation or gender identity. A drag queen or drag king is distinct from a trans person.

### F

__Front sex__
A term for vaginal sex that some people may prefer, especially those whose gender identity doesn’t match their physical characteristics. 

### G

__Gender-affirming hormone therapy__
Medicines that alter someone’s appearance to more closely match their gender identity. 

__Gender-affirming surgery__
Surgeries to change someone’s body to match their gender identity. It may also be called sex reassignment surgery or gender-confirming surgery.

__Gender dysphoria__
When a person feels uncomfortable identifying as the gender they were born with and feels distress with their gender identity. Gender dysphoria can occur at different levels among transgender or gender diverse people.

__Gender euphoria__
The comfort and joy someone feels as a result of their gender expression matching their true gender identity. This can also be felt by non-binary people. 

__Gender expression__
How a person chooses to outwardly express their gender within the context of societal expectations of gender. 

__Gender fluid__
Someone whose gender identity is not fixed and changes over time. 

__Gender identity__
A person’s perception of their gender, which may or may not match their birth sex. Gender identity is personal: it’s how we see and define ourselves.

__Gender queer__
Someone who does not subscribe to conventional gender distinctions but identifies with neither, both or a combination of male and female genders.

__Gender recognition certificate (GRC)__
A UK document that legally changes the gender listed on your birth, marriage and/or civil partnership certificates. 

__Gillick competence__
Someone under the age of 16 who is deemed capable of fully understanding and consenting to medical treatment.

### H

__Heteronormativity__
The belief that heterosexuality is the ‘normal’ or default sexual orientation of society.

__Heterosexual__
A cis man who is attracted to a cis woman or a cis woman who is attracted to a cis man. This is also called being straight.

__Homophobia__
Prejudice or discrimination against anyone who is or is perceived to be not heterosexual. Homophobia can occur when someone is breaking the norms of heteronormativity, so straight/cis people who look LGBTQIA+ can also be a victim of homophobia.

### M

__Misgender__
To refer to someone with a pronoun or any other gendered term that doesn’t match their gender identity.

### N

__Newman Goldfarb protocol__
A commonly used method for non-child-carrying cisgender and transgender women to induce lactation and therefore breastfeed.

__Non-binary__
Someone who doesn’t identify as only male or only female or who identifies as both. Sometimes abbreviated to NB or referred to as ‘enbie’. 

### P

__Pansexual__
Someone whose romantic and/or sexual attraction towards others is not limited by sex or gender. 

__Passing__
Being perceived by others as a particular identity/gender or cisgender
regardless of how the individual in question identifies, e.g. passing as a cis man. 
This term can be offensive, as it may imply someone isn’t really what they are passing as.

__Pronouns__
Words we use to refer to people in conversation, like ‘you’, ‘she’ and ‘he’. Some people may choose gender-neutral pronouns like ‘they/their’ or ‘ze/zir’.

### Q

__Queer__
An umbrella term describing people who think of their sexual orientation or
gender identity as outside of societal norms. This term was once used as a slur but has been reclaimed. Some people may still find this term offensive – consider using LGBTQIA+ instead.

__Questioning__
Someone who is not sure about their gender identity or sexuality. 

### S

__Sex assigned at birth__
The sex assigned to a child at birth, which is usually based on external anatomy. Can be expressed with the following abbreviations:
AFAB: Assigned female at birth
AMAB: Assigned male at birth

### T 

__T__
Short for testosterone.

__Top surgery__
An operation performed on the chest as part of gender-confirmation surgery.

__Transgender man__
A man who was assigned female at birth.

__Transgender woman__
A woman who was assigned male at birth.

__Transitioning__
The process of coming out and changing your lifestyle and appearance to correspond with your gender identity. 

__Transphobia__
Prejudice or discrimination of anyone who is trans, is perceived to be trans or who does not adhere to traditional gender norms. 

__Tucking__
Minimising the appearance of the penis and testes using tight undergarments.

## About this glossary

This glossary aims to help people understand some common words people use to identify themselves. In healthcare settings, using – and hearing – inclusive language can help patients and healthcare professionals achieve the best possible care. 

To build this glossary, we consulted and adapted definitions from the following key references. The words we use constantly evolve, and definitions can vary between different communities and people. There are also many terms not included in this list, so always defer to the language someone uses themselves.

[Yale School of Medicine. LGBTQIA+ Glossary of Terms for Teaching in Health Care. ](https://medicine.yale.edu/lgbtqi/curriculum/2021-07-04-lgbtqia_glossary_417482_37430_v3.pdf)

[National LGBTQIA+ Health Education Center. Glossary of Terms for Health Care Teams.](https://www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Glossary-2022.02.22-1.pdf)

[Human Rights Campaign. Glossary of Terms. ](https://www.hrc.org/resources/glossary-of-terms)

[UC Davis LGBTQIA Resource Center. Glossary.](https://lgbtqia.ucdavis.edu/educated/glossary) 

[NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. LGBTQ+ Terminology/Vocabulary Primer.](https://www.nyp.org/documents/pps/cultural-competency/Understanding%20Disparities%20-%20LGBTQ%20Terminology.pdf)

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Alessio Platania, Lead GP at Kry.__

kry.co.uk > article page  > CTA

Noticed something missing from our glossary?

 kry.co.uk > Your health > LGBTQIA+ healthcare glossary

22GL521 global-content may-Pride 2100x1200

Words matter, especially in healthcare settings. Inclusive language both empowers patients to communicate their needs and helps doctors to meet them. 

Kry.co.uk > Your health > LGBTQIA+ healthcare glossary

LGBTQIA+ healthcare glossary | Kry

Dr Alessio Platania

Lead GP at Kry

Your LGBTQIA+ healthcare glossary

Monkeypox is caused by a virus that belongs to the poxvirus family, and these types of viruses can be found across the world. Some of them infect animals, like myxoma virus in rabbits, and others humans, like molluscum contagiosum virus.

‘Monkeypox is not a new disease, unlike Covid-19 was when it emerged. But in the past, monkeypox has been very rare in humans. The disease currently exists in two variants, one of which is milder,’ explains Dr Henderson.

The infection occurs mainly in [tropical rainforest areas in western and central Africa](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox) and has been found in squirrels, the Gambian giant bag rat, sleeping mice and various other species. The main disease carrier of monkeypox remains a mystery but it’s thought to come from rodents.

‘The Health Security Agency is investigating cases of monkeypox in the UK. Up until now it was not commonly seen outside of Africa,' Dr Henderson explains. 'The number of cases in the UK is currently low, and you’re unlikely to catch it if you have not recently travelled or been in contact with someone who has the virus.'

## What are the symptoms of monkeypox?
It usually takes between 7 and 14 days for symptoms of monkeypox to appear once you’ve become infected, although it can take as long as 21 days.

Symptoms of monkeypox include:
- Headaches
- A high temperature
- Back and muscle aches
- Exhaustion
- Swollen glands
- Fever and shivering
- A skin rash

‘The most common symptom seen in a monkeypox infection is a skin rash consisting of sores and blisters,’ says Dr Henderson. ‘Some patients may only develop a few blisters, others might have a larger breakout. The most common place to develop monkeypox blisters are the face and hands but it can affect the whole body.’ 

## How do you catch monkeypox?
The most common route of transmission is from animals to humans, but in some cases it can be spread by close contact between humans. 

‘You can catch monkeypox if you come into contact with the virus,’ says Dr Henderson. ‘Animal-to-human transmission can happen through contact with infected animals in west and central Africa, for instance if you're bitten or you touch its blood, body fluids, spots, blisters or scabs. It may also be caught by eating undercooked meat.’

Monkeypox can also be spread from human to human through:
- Coughs and sneezes from someone with the monkeypox rash
- Sharing clothing, bedding or towels with someone who has the monkeypox rash
- Directly touching monkeypox blisters or scabs on the skin

‘Close physical contact is needed for the virus to be transmitted between humans as it does not pass on easily, unlike Covid-19,’ Dr Henderson reassures.

## How is it diagnosed?
A GP can diagnose monkeypox. You’ll be asked about your symptoms as well as any risk factors. If you’ve been in contact with a person who has monkeypox or you’ve recently travelled to Africa, it’s important that you stay at home and speak to a GP or call 111 for advice. A sample can be taken from the blisters and sent for a PCR test to detect the presence of the virus. 

## Is there any treatment for monkeypox?
‘Most cases of monkeypox are mild and will resolve on their own in a few weeks, so no specific treatment is required. However, it’s very important to maintain your water and nutrition intake to help with any of your symptoms,’ advises Dr Henderson.

‘In more severe cases, [some antiviral drugs](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox) have been shown to be effective to alleviate the symptoms.’

The smallpox vaccine can be given to higher-risk groups as it’s been proven 85% effective against monkeypox. Experts suggest that people who were vaccinated against smallpox as a child will have [higher protection against monkeypox and less severe symptoms](https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/smallpox-vaccine.html). Smallpox is another member of the poxvirus family that was eradicated in 1980 following a worldwide vaccination programme.

## What should I do if I become infected or suspect infection?
Authorities in the UK are now advising anyone who has had a close contact with a confirmed case, or think they may have monkeypox, to self-isolate for 21 days. Contact within a household or sexual contact is considered high-risk. 

## What can I do to reduce the risk of getting monkeypox?
You’re unlikely to become infected with monkeypox in the UK but there are some simple measures you can take for [further prevention](https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/prevention.html):
- Wash your hands thoroughly and regularly throughout the day and carry sanitiser with you
- Avoid eating raw or undercooked meat 
- Avoid contact with any sick or dead animals that may be infected
- Avoid contact with any material, like bedding or towels, that’s been in contact with a sick animal

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Bryony Henderson, Lead GP at Livi__

Speak to a GP about monkeypox

livi.co.uk > Your Health > What is monkeypox and how does it spread?

What is monkeypox?

The UK is experiencing an outbreak of monkeypox, a rare infection transmitted between animals and humans. Read Dr Bryony Henderson’s answers to common questions about monkeypox.

What is monkeypox and how does it spread?

What is monkeypox and how does it spread? | Kry

What is monkeypox and how does it spread? Doctor Q&A

kry.co.uk > Your health > Articles

All articles

See a KRY GP download app

Your health 

Kry UK

Kry is Europe’s leading digital healthcare provider. We combine digital technology with clinical expertise to help NHS services and health insurers solve the biggest challenges in healthcare.