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Bullying can take place in lots of different ways. Cyberbullying refers to bullying that takes place online, through social networks, gaming sites and other digital platforms. 

As most young people tend to take their mobile phones wherever they go, this type of bullying can happen at any time via social networks, gaming and other digital platforms.

As a parent or guardian it can be more difficult to spot but there are ways to support and resources to use to help someone going through cyberbullying. 

## What are the different types of cyberbullying? 
Like offline bullying, cyberbullying can take many different forms. Some of the most common include:

- Threatening or abusive messages
- Shaming someone with embarrassing images or videos
- Excluding someone else from online games, activities or friendship groups
- Sending upsetting messages on social networks, chat rooms or online games (also known as trolling)
- Creating hate groups, polls or sites about someone
- Setting up fake accounts, hijacking or stealing online identities to cause harm or humiliate someone
- Explicit messages or images, or pressuring children and other vulnerable people to engage in sexual conversations online 

## How has social media affected the rates of cyberbullying?
Having access to the internet and being digitally-savvy has so many benefits. However, with young people spending more time on social media, they’re at greater risk of cyberbullying.

If you or your child has been a victim of cyberbullying, you may want to delete certain social media apps or stay offline to give yourself time to recover. But not using the internet at all isn’t a long-term solution. This is one of the reasons why reporting cyberbullying is so important. 

As with any type of bullying and harassment, you don’t need to suffer in silence. Let your family and friends know, seek advice from a responsible adult or teacher, and get support for your mental health from a doctor or therapist.

## How can cyberbullying affect someone’s mental health?
When a child or young person experiences cyberbullying, they might start to feel [anxious, ashamed and insecure](/your-health/how-to-help-a-child-with-anxiety-a-therapists-guide/). These feelings can lead to withdrawing from their friends and family, and a cycle of [negative thoughts](/your-health/5-ways-to-deal-with-negative-thoughts-now/). 

Sometimes they may turn to substances like alcohol and drugs to deal with their psychological pain. 

As well as impacting their mental health, children and young people can experience physical symptoms as a result of the stress and anxiety, including:

- Headaches
- Stomach ache
- Nausea

## How to spot the signs of cyberbullying 
Every child and young person responds differently to bullying and there aren’t always clear signs that someone is being bullied online. Here are some indications your child may be affected by cyberbullying:

- Being nervous, less confident, or more distressed and withdrawn
- Being worried about school, skipping school or feeling too unwell for school on a regular basis
- A noticeable change in motivation or performance at school or in their hobbies
- Problems with eating or sleeping
- Bullying or aggressive behaviour towards others

## How to help a child with cyberbullying 
There are steps we can all take to keep children safe from all forms of bullying. Here are some specific tips on how to support a young victim of cyberbullying, whether they’re your child or a child you know.

### 1. Talk to them openly about cyberbullying

Whether you think your child might be being bullied or not, it’s good to have open conversations. Explain what bullying and cyberbullying is and how it might make people feel. If a young person admits that they’re experiencing cyberbullying, try to listen carefully – they might be feeling scared, [anxious](/your-health/how-to-help-a-child-with-anxiety-a-therapists-guide/) or ashamed. You can talk through how they might like you to help.

### 2. Let them know who to reach out to for help

Make it clear that they can always talk to you, other family members or a teacher they trust about cyberbullying. There are also charity services available like [Childline](https://www.childline.org.uk/get-support/contacting-childline/) – a free helpline for children and young people, or [EACH](http://each.education/homophobic-transphobic-helpline) – a free helpline for children experiencing homophobic, biphobic or transphobic bullying.

### 3. Help them take time out from online activities

Bullying and cyberbullying can affect young peoples’ confidence and self-esteem so helping them find things that make them feel good or bring them joy can be a big help – whether that’s taking up a new sport or a new craft.

### 4. Speak to your child’s teacher or club leader

If your child is being cyberbullied, you can talk to their school, as they have a duty to protect pupils from bullying. It might be helpful to bring any evidence or notes to talk through, and ask for a copy of their anti-bullying policy to refer to. If the bullying continues, the [Department for Education](https://form.education.gov.uk/en/AchieveForms/?form_uri=sandbox-publish://AF-Process-f1453496-7d8a-463f-9f33-1da2ac47ed76/AF-Stage-1e64d4cc-25fb-499a-a8d7-74e98203ac00/definition.json&redirectlink=%2Fen&cancelRedirectLink=%2Fen) can offer support.

### 5. Report any type of online bullying

There are also practical steps you can take if the bullying is taking place online – like on a social media app or online gaming. Make sure your child knows how to block anyone who posts anything nasty or abusive about them. You can usually find this in the help or online safety area of the platform.
You can also report anyone for cyberbullying directly to the social media or gaming platform – whether it’s a comment, image or video. 

## What support is available for parents & guardians? 
If you’re a parent or carer of someone being cyberbullied, you might feel a range of emotions like anger, disappointment or helplessness. 

As well as using the advice above to help you cope, there are lots of charities that can provide support for parents including the [NSPCC](https://www.nspcc.org.uk/what-is-child-abuse/types-of-abuse/bullying-and-cyberbullying/#support) and [Think U Know](https://www.thinkuknow.co.uk/) – a site run by The Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP) with resources for young people, parents and guardians about staying safe online.

If you find out your child has been involved in cyberbullying or done something to hurt someone else, you’re also likely to feel lots of strong emotions. 

Children and young people don’t always realise that their actions or behaviour are a form of bullying, or understand the impact they’re having on someone else. A good way to help them understand the effects of their actions is by clearly explaining why bullying is unacceptable. 

## When to seek medical help
It can be hard to know who to turn to if your child is a victim of cyberbullying.

If your child is struggling with their mental or physical health, speak to a GP or therapist who can advise you further on the available support they may need.

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Adenekan Oyefeso, Psychologist and Clinical Lead for Mental Health at Kry.__

Kry.co.uk > Article page > What is cyberbullying? And how to help a child

Speak to a therapist

kry.co.uk > Article page > What is cyberbullying? And how to help a child

Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place online. Here’s how to help a child or young person who’s a victim of cyberbullying.

Meta description > Cyberbullying

What is cyberbullying? | Kry UK

Medical review

Dr Adenekan Oyefeso

Psychologist and Clinical Lead for Mental Health at Kry

Family

What is cyberbullying? And how to help a child

There's been an increase in both physical and emotional abuse since the onset of the pandemic.

In a report by Women’s Aid UK, 61% of women living with their abuser said the abuse had escalated during lockdown. And the Respect Men’s Advice Line report that calls and emails from men experiencing domestic abuse have more than doubled. 

The danger doesn’t only come from the threat of physical violence – there may be emotional domestic abuse, too. Although this poses just as much of a threat as physical abuse, it can be harder to spot. 

## What is emotional abuse?

‘Physical abuse is easier to recognise, but emotional abuse is more subtle and insidious, yet equally traumatic,’ says Madeleine Gauffin, Licensed Psychologist and Psychotherapist at Livi.

‘Just as with physical violence, emotional domestic abuse is all about power and control, but rather than using physical force, the abuser uses mental and emotional tactics to insult, criticise, shame, threaten, ridicule, undermine, scare, “gaslight” and punish the victim.’   

‘Physical abuse leaves signs like new bruises or injuries,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Livi. ‘Emotional abuse can be harder to spot, but clues can be that a partner constantly puts you down or criticises you, or makes you feel nervous, intimidated or unsure of yourself.’ 

Control is one of the common signs of an emotionally abusive relationship — control of money, the clothes you wear, the friends you see or things you do. ‘If your partner is tracking your movements and constantly checking up on you, or checks your messages, those are other warning signs,’ says Dr McClymont.

## What are the signs of emotional abuse by a partner? 

Some signs of emotional abuse could be if a partner...

- Continually criticises or belittles you – so you feel as though no matter what you do, it’s never good enough
- Humiliates and shames you in public
- Makes cruel jokes at your expense then tells you you’re over-sensitive if you get upset
- Blames you during all arguments
- Denies or downplays that the abuse is happening
- Isolates you from family and friends – so the more isolated you feel, the more you lose perspective and become more dependent on your partner
- “Gaslights” you – this could involve saying things they later deny, or insisting you said or did something that’s not true
- Controls your money, or does not give you enough to buy food or other essentials
- Threatens you or insinuates they may hurt you physically, leave you or make you suffer in some way
- Destroys things that belong to you or invades your personal space
- Uses emotional blackmail – getting you to do what they want by playing on your fear, guilt or compassion

## What is sexual coercion?

Sexual coercion is unwanted sexual activity that happens when you’re pressurised, tricked or forced, in a non-physical way. Coercion can make you think you ‘owe’ sex to someone. It’s a form of emotional abuse that can affect women and men. In a healthy relationship, you never have sex unless you want to. 

__Signs of sexual coercion may include being:__
- Threatened if you don’t have sex 
- Bullied and worn down by someone to have sex
- Lied to or promised things if you have sex
- Kept awake until you agree to have sex

## What are the effects of emotional abuse?

‘Emotional abuse is extremely harmful,’ says Gauffin. ‘The abuser inevitably starts off by being loving, caring and sweet. But once they know you trust and care about them, their behaviour changes.’ 

The abuser may become like Jekyll and Hyde – loving and attentive one minute, turning nasty, vicious and controlling the next. 

‘This unpredictability leaves you on tenterhooks,’ she explains. ‘You can’t relax, as their mood can change at any time. You constantly feel as if you’re walking on eggshells.’ 

To the outside world, the emotoinal abuser may appear charming and reasonable. ‘You may feel as if you’re going mad and start to doubt your judgement,’ says Gauffin. ‘You may not even realise what’s happening and blame yourself when they blow hot and cold. But this is all part of the manipulation to make you feel as if you’re the one in the wrong.’

‘The emotional toll can make you feel moody, irritable and constantly on edge,’ Gauffin continues. ‘You may find it difficult to think straight and become more withdrawn and isolated from friends and family, which makes you even more vulnerable.’ 

Symptoms of emotional abuse may also start to show in your behaviour. You may become more self-destructive, for example drinking or smoking more to help you cope. Or you may lose your appetite and find your sleep is affected. 

‘Emotional abuse can also lead to mental health problems like [anxiety](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/) and [depression](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/),’ says Gauffin. ‘In some cases, you may develop symptoms of [post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)](https://www.livi.co.uk/medical-advice/mental-health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/) such as flashbacks, intrusive thoughts and nightmares.’    

## What you can do if you’re a victim of emotional abuse

‘The first thing is to recognise that things aren’t right,’ says Gauffin. 

‘It can be much easier for many people to leave a physically abusive relationship, because it’s so obviously wrong. The signs of an emotionally abusive relationship are more complex, and it can take a while for someone to realise what’s going on.’

But the longer the situation continues, the greater the risks to your mental and physical health. And, in some cases, emotional domestic abuse can escalate into physical abuse.

‘Don’t let the pandemic put you off, even if you’re isolating,’ says Gauffin. ‘The longer you stay, the worse it can get.’

## What if a friend is showing signs of emotional abuse?

‘Signs and symptoms of emotional abuse can be difficult to spot, but look out for a friend or relative who seems to have changed recently — becoming more insecure, apologetic or anxious,’ says Dr McClymont. 

‘Another warning sign is if their partner makes hurtful comments or jokes at their expense in front of you, or constantly checks in on them to find out where they are or what they are doing.’

To help a friend experiencing emotional abuse, Dr McClymont recommends:

- Keep an eye on loved ones and talk to them if you see or hear something that worries you 
- If someone confides in you about abuse at home, it’s important to believe them, listen to their story, and help them to get the right support
- It’s important not to pass judgement. Nor to bombard them with advice and start telling them what they should or shouldn’t do
- Don’t criticise or shame someone for not leaving an abusive relationship earlier. When it comes to emotional abuse it’s sometimes difficult for someone to first recognise that they’re a victim, and then to leave the relationship
- Whatever decision your friend makes, be there for them. They may not feel strong enough to leave right now, but with your encouragement and support this is something they can work towards in the future. The worst thing you can do is turn away, as this will make your friend feel more isolated. 

## The Signal for Help hand gesture

Since domenstic violence against women and girls increased in the pandemic, the Signal for Help hand gesture has been created by the Canadian Women's Foundation. This can be used either in person or over video call to quietly let others know you're unsafe and need help. 

To perform the signal, hold one hand up with your thumb tucked into your palm then fold your other 4 fingers over your thumb to cover it.

![Violence at home Signal for Help hand gesture](//images.contentful.com/h8qzhh7m9m8u/5BwSQsNTOR3X5vgZyjXIEm/e7f6077520d55351581c1a685835471d/3001x2918_-_In_article.jpg)

If you see the signal, try to safely check in with the person to find out what they want you to do. If they're in danger, call 999.

## How a GP can help

‘If you’re in an emoptionally abusive relationship and don’t know where to turn, talk to a doctor,’ says Dr McClymont. 

‘They can help you access organisations like emergency support groups and shelters. They can also refer you to a psychologist or psychotherapist, if you feel you need emotional or mental health support before taking steps to make the break.’ 

## Emergency help for emotional abuse

There are many services that provide support. Women and children’s charity Refuge provides emergency shelters for women who are fleeing domestic abuse and a range of support and information on how to recognise and recover from abuse.

It runs a 24-hour free domestic abuse helpline on 0808 2000 247. Women’s Aid also offers support, information and live chat for victims. For men, the charity Respect provides advice and help on 0808 801 0327.

__This article has been approved by Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Livi, and Madeleine Gauffin, Licensed Psychologist and Psychotherapist at Livi.__


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Speak to a GP about emotional abuse

Livi.co.uk > Your health > 10 signs of emotional abuse in a relationship

Domestic violence Signal for Help hand gesture

Abuse doesn’t always carry physical scars — it can also be emotional. Here are the signs and how to seek help

Kry.co.uk > Your health > 10 signs of emotional abuse in a relationship

10 signs and symptoms of emotional abuse in a relationship

10 signs of emotional abuse in a relationship

Familiar with the discomfort of constipation? You’re not alone – nearly everyone has experienced it at one time or another. It’s estimated that 1 in 7 adults and 1 in 3 children  suffer from constipation at any one time, women are twice as likely to have constipation as men,  and older adults are 5 times more likely than younger adults  to have it. 

Your poo and how often you go to the loo can indicate a lot about your overall health and wellbeing. After your digestive system has absorbed all the usable nutrients from food, you poo to get rid of the remaining bodily waste that’s no longer required. 

‘It’s important to keep an eye on your bowel habits so that problems with the digestive system can be picked up,’ says Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry. 

## What is constipation? 

[Constipation](/medical-advice/digestive-problems/constipation/) generally means that you have uncomfortable or infrequent bowel movements. You’re likely to be constipated if you:

- have fewer than 3 bowel movements a week 
- pass hard, pellet-like poos
- need to strain on the toilet 

Constipation is usually temporary and resolves within a few days or weeks, but for others, it can be long term and continue for several weeks or longer. This is known as chronic constipation. 

## What causes constipation?

There are many possible causes, and often it might be difficult to identify the exact cause. Here are some of the most common causes of constipation to look out for: 

### 1.	Eating a high-fibre diet 

Research suggests that high-fibre diets are essential for a healthy bowel.  Not only does fibre help to reduce the risk of bowel cancer and heart disease, but it can also prevent and ease constipation. 

‘Fibre works by bulking out our stools – it increases their size and makes them softer. Larger, softer stools move more quickly through your digestive system and are easier to pass, helping to keep you regular,’ says Dr McClymont. 

You can find plenty of fibre in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds and oats. If you feel that you might not be eating enough of it, you’ll want to gradually increase your intake, as suddenly eating a lot more fibre can cause digestive problems like [bloating](/your-health/a-doctors-tips-to-help-bloating/), gas or diarrhoea.

### 2.	 Not moving enough

Staying physically active helps to keep your gut moving. ‘Regular exercise gets your heart pumping and sends more blood to your intestines. This helps to stimulate a series of wave-like contractions (peristalsis) within the bowel, which helps to move food through the digestive system,’ explains Dr McClymont.

Research backs this too – one study found that aerobic exercise like walking was an effective treatment for patients with constipation.  

### 3.	Switching up your routine or holding in your poo 

We’ve all been there – a simple change of routine can be enough to throw off your regular poo habits. ‘Sporadic access to a bathroom, a sudden change in diet or increased time spent sitting can all cause you to become constipated,’ says Dr McClymont. 

‘Similarly, ignoring the urge to poo can also cause constipation because the longer the stool stays in the bowel, the more water gets reabsorbed, making it harder and more difficult to pass.’ So, when you feel the need to go, go.

### 4.	Emotional factors

You might become constipated when you’re anxious or stressed. This is because your brain and gut are closely linked – just as an unhappy digestive system can send signals to the brain, a troubled brain can send signals to the gut. The impact of [stress](/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/), anger, anxiety and [depression](/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/) can all affect your bowel movements.

High levels of stress can also affect digestive disorders, including [irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)](/medical-advice/digestive-problems/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/). ‘One of the symptoms of IBS is constipation,’ says Dr McClymont. ‘If this is a symptom for you, you might find that it gets worse as you feel more stressed.’

### 5.	Some medicines 

Constipation is a common side effect of some medicines, including painkillers containing codeine and opioids. ‘Opioid medications can hinder the movement of the gut, resulting in constipation,’ says Dr McClymont. 

Other medications that can cause constipation include iron supplements, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, blood pressure medications, antidepressants and antihistamines.

### 6.	Pregnancy and postpartum 

Constipation is very common during pregnancy. One study found that women are 2-3 times more likely to experience constipation during pregnancy and straight after childbirth than when they’re not pregnant.  

‘During pregnancy, progesterone levels increase,’ explains Dr McClymont. ‘This hormone causes your muscles to relax, including those within the digestive system. This causes slower-moving stools through the intestines, leading to constipation. Postpartum constipation is also very common in the first few days after delivery, and for some women, it may continue for several months.’

### 7.	Neurological conditions 

Constipation is more common in people with conditions that affect the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease. ‘When nerves are damaged, it impacts the ability of the intestines to move food along towards the rectum and push stools out,’ explains Dr McClymont.

## How can I prevent and ease constipation? 

The good news is that in most cases, making some small lifestyle changes can lower your risk of developing it in the first place. Here are Dr McClymont’s suggestions:

- Aim to eat 30g fibre a day by eating more fruit, vegetables and whole grains
- Add some sorbitol, a naturally occurring sugar found in apricots, apples, plums, prunes and raisins, to your diet
- Drink plenty of fluids (about 8-10 cups per day) to prevent dehydration
- Aim to go to the bathroom at the same time each morning, and prioritise enough time to empty your bowel
- Try to do at least 150 minutes of physical activity like walking, running, cycling or swimming each week 
- Change your toilet position and try using a small footstool under your feet. This is a simple way to pass bowel movements more easily 
- Practice relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises or meditation, if you feel that emotional factors might be triggering your constipation 

## When should I speak to a doctor about constipation?

‘If your constipation isn’t improving with lifestyle changes or you’ve been constipated for a long time, it’s best to discuss it with a doctor,’ advises Dr McClymont.

‘If you notice any symptoms such as blood in your poo, feeling unusually tired or bloated, a persistent change in your poo habits or losing weight unintentionally, it’s worth making an [appointment](/gp-appointments-online/) for a check-up.’

__This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Rhianna McClymont, Lead GP at Kry.__


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See a GP about constipation

Kry.co.uk > Your health > Why am I constipated? 7 possible causes 

Why am I constipated? 7 possible causes 

Expert advice from a Kry Lead GP on how to help constipation, plus what constipation might be caused by

Why am I constipated? 7 possible causes | Kry UK

Struggling with [breakouts and acne](/medical-advice/skin-conditions/acne/)? You’re not alone. ‘Acne is incredibly common, with many people affected during adulthood,’ says Dr Samuel Menon. One significant study found that around 50% of women and 40% of men have some kind of facial acne. 

For many people, acne affects more than just their appearance – it can also have a real psychological impact. As of June 2021, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence now recommends mental health support for those who are severely affected by their acne.  

‘Studies or trials in skin disease often include depression assessments for a reason,’ says Dr Menon. ‘People with a skin condition like acne often suffer in silence. It’s important to remember that you’re not the only one.’

## What causes acne? 

‘Acne is one of those conditions with several possible causes, which we continue to learn more about,’ says Dr Menon. ‘But what we do know is that acne happens when our skin’s sebaceous glands make too much of an oil called sebum. At the same time, the lining of our pores gets thicker, trapping dead skin cells the body wants to shed. A mixture of oil and dead skin cells builds up in our pores, causing blackheads and whiteheads.’

Oily skin is an ideal condition for acne-causing bacteria to multiply, leading to inflammation that can show up as red, swollen or pus-filled spots. 

‘The possible causes and aggravators are often a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors,’ says Dr Menon. The following are some of the common, established causes: 

### Hormonal changes 
‘Our sex hormones – the androgens – are key to our development in adolescence and play an important role throughout our lives, but they can also cause and exacerbate acne,’ Dr Menon explains. ‘They influence both the production and type of sebum we make and the levels of inflammation.’

### Insulin
‘This is another hormonal culprit,’ says Dr Menon. ‘Insulin is an essential powerhouse of a hormone that helps to control our blood sugar levels and metabolism. But if you’re eating a lot of processed or sugary foods, your body will need to keep releasing insulin as a response. There is some evidence that suggests too much insulin can make acne worse.’

### Stress
‘When we’re stressed, we release more cortisol, a steroid hormone. This increases levels of sebum production, one of the key causes of acne,’ says Dr Menon. ‘This is not to say that stress alone will cause acne – it may just make it worse for people who are prone to it.’

### Lifestyle
‘Lifestyle habits – from eating processed foods to being sedentary to smoking – all play a role in our skin health,’ says Dr Menon. 

## Does acne change with age and hormonal fluctuations? 

Most people suffer less with acne as they age, and their symptoms tend to improve. But people still have acne in their 30s and sometimes in their 40s.

Many women under 30 report experiencing acne flares just before, during and just after their period.  But for lots of women, the trigger seems to be a complex mix of hormones, stress and other factors.  

‘Menstrual cycles do play a role in acne, and the combined oral contraceptive pill can be a useful tool in helping to control flares,’ says Dr Menon. ‘We would often recommend these in place of oral antibiotics and alongside topical treatments for those who are able to take them.

‘If, alongside acne, you’ve noticed some weight gain, your periods have become irregular or less frequent, or you’ve had hair growth where you wouldn’t normally expect it, speak to a doctor. We would want to rule out polycystic ovary syndrome, a common, treatable condition that can cause or aggravate acne.’ 

## What is ‘maskne’?

The term ‘maskne’ arose during the pandemic as we started wearing face masks, and some of us noticed an increase in acne on the parts of the face covered by our masks. 

It’s not unusual for those who need to wear surgical or cloth masks to notice breakouts, and this was the case before the pandemic, too. Most commonly, this is a result of either irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis or some form of [atopic eczema](/medical-advice/skin-conditions/eczema/), though there are different reasons why mask-wearing can trigger acne.  

‘If skin is covered for long periods, whether that’s by a heavy cream or ointment or something physical, like a mask, acne is more likely in those who are prone,’ Dr Menon explains. ‘That said, masks are often loose-fitting enough not to cause a problem.’

## How do I avoid ‘maskne’?

Using a gentle, soap-free cleanser and applying nothing but a light moisturiser at least half an hour before putting on your mask can help. 

Wearing minimal or no make-up when you need to wear PPE is also a good idea. Choosing a mask with a soft, natural, breathable fabric like cotton on the inside can help too.

## What really works when it comes to treating adult acne?

### Resist the urge to squeeze
‘Try not to panic, and don’t pick or squeeze or scrub. Chances are, you’ll aggravate your skin, making your spots larger, more painful and more likely to scar,’ Dr Menon advises. ‘Applying a little Duac, a commonly prescribed acne medication, as spots start to appear is a good idea.’

### Choose gentle products with active ingredients
Acne treatments don’t need to be expensive, complicated or fancy, according to Dr Menon. The most important thing is to be gentle with your skin barrier. ‘Use products that are simple and relatively inexpensive, without “buzz” ingredients or promises,’ he recommends. Try brands like Cetaphil, Cerave or Aveeno. 

Products with ingredients like salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide are useful but often irritating. ‘They’re also not particularly sophisticated in the way they work,’ says Dr Menon.

### Try retinoids

‘Retinoids are clever and centralised in treating acne,’ says Dr Menon. They can help skin shed normally, lower inflammation and, if taken by mouth when recommended by a dermatologist, reduce how much oil your skin makes. 

‘They’re prescription-only, but a weaker retinol is available in some over-the-counter products,’ adds Dr Menon. ‘The initial few weeks of using a topical retinoid can come with dryness, flakiness, redness and even more spots, but this period is short-lived and usually passes within a few weeks. You’ll usually notice improvements after 12 weeks – but they’re sustained with continued use, so try to be patient.’

### Take note of your diet
‘There’s some evidence that high glycaemic foods and dairy have an impact on acne severity, with the evidence for the former stronger,’ says Dr Menon. ‘Do what’s right for you – if you notice that drinking, for example, a lot of milk makes things worse, reduce your intake, but lots of people won’t notice much.’

A healthy, active lifestyle is more important. ‘Avoiding unhealthy foods and staving off obesity will help,’ says Dr Menon.

## How can I prevent and deal with acne scarring?

‘To prevent scarring, you must first prevent acne – which is easier said than done,’ Dr Menon notes. ‘But once you’ve developed scarring, there are several options to improve the skin’s appearance. This also tends to happen naturally over time without any treatments, too.’

- __Microdermabrasion__

Microdermabrasion can be helpful for some, if done regularly. However, it’s an expensive method and the results aren’t always great

- __Skin-needling__

Dr Menon suggests trying skin-needling with a derma roller – done by a trained practitioner. ‘A few sessions a couple of months apart will often bring improvements,’ he says. 

- __Laser skin treatments__

‘There are also laser treatments that help with active acne alongside improving acne scarring,’ says Dr Menon. ‘There are several different types, but they’re mostly only available privately, so consult a doctor or dermatologist first.’

## How do I prepare for an acne consultation with a doctor?

‘Try to be honest about how you’re feeling,’ Dr Menon reassures. ‘You might want to bring photos, but don’t feel like you need to prove anything. If you have acne and it’s bothering you, a doctor can help.’ 

A doctor will likely prescribe a topical retinoid, oral antibiotics or the oral contraceptive pill. ‘If you’ve been trying treatments with your doctor but haven’t seen progress in 6 months or more, ask about a referral to dermatology,’ he says. ‘If your skin is starting to scar, or your acne is impacting your self-esteem and how you feel about yourself, it’s important to seek help.’

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry__


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Speak to a GP about adult acne 

Kry.co.uk > Your health > Managing adult acne – a doctor’s advice on what really works

Managing adult acne – a doctor’s advice on what really works

Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry, shares his expert advice on which treatments help with adult acne and what to do if it’s affecting your mental health

How to manage adult acne | Kry UK

When the sun’s shining, there’s no better place to be than the great outdoors. But hot summer days carry a risk of heat exhaustion, which, if left untreated, can turn into heatstroke.

Heatstroke is a serious and life-threatening condition that happens when your core body temperature is too high.  With climate change hiking up global temperatures,  heatstroke-related deaths are expected to more than double by the 2050s. 

Heatstroke can affect anyone, but the risk is highest for the elderly, young children and babies; those who suffer from long-term health conditions like diabetes or heart, lung or kidney disease; and people taking certain medications. 

## What causes heatstroke?

Heatstroke happens when your body is exposed to so much heat that it can no longer regulate its temperature. ‘Heatstroke is a severe heat-related illness that can occur when strenuous physical exertion or exposure to hot weather – or a combination of both – causes our body temperature to rise to 40°C or above,’ says Dr Menon.

Our bodies are sophisticated machines. Our vital organs cooperate to keep everything working in balance through a practice called homeostasis, carefully controlling temperature, blood sugar levels and the concentration of different ions in your blood. In hot weather, your body has a few ways to maintain a steady temperature:

- Your skin sweats to shed heat
- Your body tells you you’re thirsty and you need to drink water
- Your kidneys start making less pee to conserve water

If you stay in the heat for too long, your body has to work harder to maintain its core temperature. This can result in heat exhaustion, which may escalate to heatstroke. 

## What are the signs of heat exhaustion?

On its own, heat exhaustion is not usually serious, but it comes with the risk of heatstroke. The key symptoms of heat exhaustion are:

- A temperature of 38°C or above
- Dizziness and confusion
- A headache
- Intense thirst
- Feeling sick and a loss of appetite 
- Excessively sweating 
- Tiredness 
- A rapid pulse 
- Cramps in the arms, legs and stomach
- Passing less urine, which is also very dark 

If you think you have any symptoms of heat exhaustion, it’s important to take action to cool your body down quickly and avoid heatstroke. Move to a shady area or cool room as soon as possible, then lie down and raise your feet slightly. Make sure to drink plenty of water or a sports drink. Cool your skin by spraying it with tepid water or switching on a fan, and if you can, try placing ice packs on your groin, armpits or neck.

## What are the signs of heatstroke?

Heatstroke is a medical emergency. It must be treated quickly before it causes serious damage to your brain, heart, kidneys and other vital organs. Here are the symptoms to look out for:

- A high temperature of over 40°C
- Nausea
- Headache
- Fast, strong pulse
- Flushed, hot skin 
- Feeling confused
- Loss of consciousness 

If you’re still feeling unwell 30 minutes after cooling down, call emergency services. ‘Heatstroke requires hospital admission for assessment and treatment. You may also have to stay in hospital for observation,’ says Dr Menon. ‘Recovery time is dependent on the individual and how unwell they were when taken to hospital.’

## Can children get heatstroke?

‘Children are more vulnerable to heat-related illness than adults,’ explains Dr Menon. ‘In comparison with adults, they produce more metabolic heat and absorb more heat. They also sweat less and are less well adapted to losing it.’

The symptoms of both heat exhaustion and heatstroke are usually the same in children as in adults. ‘Often children are less able than adults to communicate their distress,’ says Dr Menon. ‘If your child has a high temperature and doesn’t seem themselves after being out in the sun, it’s vital you consult a doctor or take them to A&E. Your child may feel sick or vomit, complain of a headache or appear sleepy or floppy. They’ll likely be sweating and breathing more quickly than normal too,’ he says.

To keep children safe in higher temperatures, encourage them to play in shaded areas, and always keep babies under six months old out of direct sunlight. Make sure they are wearing light, breathable clothes. Small children may not ask for water, so make sure they’re drinking plenty of fluids throughout the day.

## How can I avoid heat exhaustion and heatstroke?

Of course, it’s always better to prevent heat exhaustion and heatstroke in the first place. Follow these simple steps to stay safe this summer.

### __1.	Stay hydrated__
Drink plenty of cold drinks, and if you’re exercising outside, make sure you’re taking in more fluid than you’re losing. Drink before you feel thirsty – as you get older, your body gets less responsive at recognising dehydration.  The colour of your pee can also tell you if you’re drinking enough. A pale straw colour usually means you’re well hydrated. 

### __2.	Stay clear of the midday sun__
It’s best to stay in the shade between 11am to 3pm when the sun’s rays are most intense. Make sure you use a sunscreen of SPF 30+ that protects against both UVA and UVB rays on all exposed parts of the body.

### __3.	Dress for the weather__
Light-coloured clothes reflect heat, and loose clothing made from natural fibres like cotton or linen allows sweat to evaporate and cool you down. Wearing a wide-brimmed hat is a simple way to protect your ears, face and the back of your neck from the sun. Keep your eyes safe by choosing sunglasses with high-UV protection.

### __4.	Be mindful of alcohol__
Drinking alcohol in the heat can have an impact on your core body temperature. Alcohol is a diuretic, which encourages your kidneys to lose extra fluid and causes you to pee more, making it even more likely you’ll get dehydrated.

While heat-related illnesses can be serious, the good news is that they’re usually simple to prevent. Next time you’re out in the sun, watch out for the tell-tale signs of heat exhaustion and heatstroke. 

__This article has been medically approved by Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry.__


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Kry.co.uk > Your health > What are the warning signs of heatstroke?

What are the warning signs of heatstroke?

From spotting the symptoms of heatstroke to knowing quick cool-down techniques, discover how to avoid heatstroke with advice from Dr Samuel Menon, Lead GP at Kry

What are the warning signs of heatstroke? | Kry UK

There are some common conditions that could have a number of causes, for example depression, tiredness or unexplained weight gain. But when they also come with other symptoms like constipation or sensitivity to cold, they may signal a thyroid problem. 

It’s estimated that 200 million people worldwide have some form of thyroid problem. The two most common thyroid disorders are hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) with women 10 times more likely to be affected than men.

## What is the thyroid gland?

The thyroid gland has a small, butterfly shape and is located in the front of the neck, just below the larynx. It produces two hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Two areas of the brain, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, control the hormone balance in the blood and the amount of thyroid hormones to be produced and secreted.

Thyroid hormones regulate energy, metabolism, body temperature, body weight, muscle strength, appetite, breathing, growth, the reproductive system and also heart, brain and kidney function. When your thyroid is functioning well and producing the right amount of hormones, everything runs smoothly. 

Lifestyle factors are important if you want to keep your thyroid healthy. Eating a nutritious, balanced diet, getting enough sleep, exercising regularly, managing stress levels and a healthy immune system all go a long way to keeping your thyroid in balance. 

## What can go wrong with the thyroid?

There are different types of thyroid disorders, including:

- __Goitre__ – enlarged thyroid, most commonly caused by low levels of the mineral iodine
- __Graves’ disease__ – an autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism
- __Hashimoto’s disease__ – an autoimmune disease that cause hypothyroidism
- __Thyroid nodules__ – 90% of these are usually benign
- __Thyroid cancer__ – although this is a rare type of cancer

The two most common disorders are hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism – so let’s look at some of their common symptoms.

Because these symptoms could be down to many other reasons, we’ve also listed some other potential common causes that your doctor may ask you about — along with other thyroid symptoms to look out for too, also below.

## Symptoms of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)

This is where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). As hormone levels fall, the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) rises. The result is that you can feel tired, cold and depressed. It’s more common for women to get thyroid problems like this, especially around menopause, but hypothyroidism occurs at all ages. Common symptoms include:

### - Tiredness 
When thyroid hormones drop, your body processes slow down. Your metabolism and heart rate become slower, blood circulation becomes more sluggish and energy levels go down. This can leave you feeling exhausted.    

__Other causes of tiredness__
Stress,[ lack of sleep](/your-health/5-sleep-problems-to-discuss-with-a-doctor/), post-viral fatigue, overworking, psychological factors, food intolerances and nutritional deficiencies, including [iron deficiency](/your-health/a-doctors-guide-to-iron-deficiency-symptoms-causes/) [anaemia](/your-health/a-doctors-guide-to-iron-deficiency-symptoms-causes/), can all lead to tiredness. If you’re concerned, always talk to your doctor, who can test for other problems such as low iron levels. 

### - Weight gain 
When the thyroid is not producing enough hormones, it can lead to a low basal metabolic rate (BMR). When your metabolism is slowed down, this means you’re not burning energy (calories) as efficiently, so weight goes on more easily. Weight gain and bloating can also occur due to fluid retention. 

__Other reasons for weight gain__
Underactive thyroid weight gain is nearly always accompanied by other symptoms. But if weight gain is your only symptom, it could be that you’re overeating, not exercising enough or you’re producing too much of the hormone cortisol due to stress and this is causing you to accumulate fat, particularly around the abdomen. It’s still worth talking to a doctor about this.   

### - Depression 
Thyroid hormones play an important role in maintaining healthy brain function. When they are low, [depression](/medical-advice/mental-health/depression/) may result. For example, thyroid hormones help to regulate the [hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis](https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jtr/2012/590648/), involved in the regulation of emotions, moods and behaviours. Depression induced by an underactive thyroid can be reversed with hypothyroid treatment.

__Other causes of depression__
Lack of sleep, poor diet, lack of natural light, stress, feeling powerless, upsetting life events (like a bereavement, losing your job, or a relationship break-up), physical, sexual or emotional abuse, low self-esteem, traumatic events or an unstable home situation. If you’re feeling depressed and this is beginning to affect your daily life, you should always seek help. Always talk to a GP, who may refer you for counselling or psychotherapy or prescribe medication where appropriate. Read more on [help for depression](/your-health/help-for-depression-7-daily-tools-to-improve-your-mood/).

### - Constipation
An underactive thyroid slows down digestion. This can mean the transit of wastes through the gastrointestinal system takes longer, making you more prone to constipation.

Other common hypothyroidism symptoms to report to your doctor include:

- Sensitivity to cold
- General lethargy
- Lack of energy
- Muscle and joint aches
- Fluid retention
- Dry skin
- Hair that is thinning or brittle; hair loss
- Menstrual irregularities in women, such as heavier, more frequent periods
- Difficulty concentrating  
- Swelling of the face
- Low heart rate and low blood pressure

### Testing for hypothyroidism

Your doctor can take a blood test and measure different values to see what is causing the problem. If the thyroid gland is also enlarged, further investigations may be done such as ultrasound, fine needle puncture and cell samples.

### Treatment for hypothyroidism
Daily hormone replacement tablets can be given on prescription by a doctor. The dosage varies depending on the individual and needs to be monitored regularly. Hypothyroidism can be a transient condition, which means you may not need to be on medication long term.

## Symptoms of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)

This is where the thyroid gland produces too many thyroid hormones. This causes the whole system to speed up; feeling like the body is on ‘high’. Common signs of an overactive thyroid include:

### - Weight loss (despite eating normally)
Too many thyroid hormones cause the metabolism to speed up, causing weight loss. But sudden weight loss may happen for a number of reasons, for example, after a traumatic event. It may be caused by some of the side effects of alcohol or drug misuse, heart, kidney, lung or liver disease, gut problems, dental issues, dysphagia (problems swallowing), diabetes or dementia.

### - Frequent trips to the loo
Thyroid hormones act on the gastrointestinal tract so an excess can cause more frequent bowel movements, including diarrhoea. Kidney function may also be affected, causing more frequent urination.

__Other common causes__
If you’re urinating a lot and feeling thirsty, ask your doctor to test for diabetes. If you’re a man and constantly feel the urge to pee (especially if you’re finding it hard to empty your bladder) tell a GP, as you may need your prostate gland checked. [Urinary tract infections (UTIs)](/your-health/utis-your-questions-answered/) may also be a cause. If you have any change in bowel habits, always talk to a doctor.

### - Anxiety  
Thyroid hormones help to regulate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). When the SNS is overstimulated this triggers the body’s ‘fight or flight’ response, leading to increased heart rate, anxiety, irritability, mood swings, panic attacks, and affects your ability to deal with stress.

Stress, traumatic life events, lack of sleep and poor diet can also lead to a[nxiety](/medical-advice/mental-health/anxiety/). Always talk to your doctor, who may be able to provide a course of therapy or medication.

Other common symptoms of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) include:

- Nervousness
- Tiredness
- Weakness
- Palpitations and increased heart rate
- Increased sweating
- Insomnia
- Dry skin and hair (which may be thinning)
- Mood swings
- Sensitivity to heat
- Menstrual irregularities in women (for example, shorter, scantier and irregular periods)
- Swelling in the neck from an enlarged thyroid gland (goitre)
- Eye symptoms
- Tremor

### Testing for hyperthyroidism

Your doctor can take a blood test and measure different values to see what is causing the problem. If the thyroid gland is also enlarged, further investigations may be done such as ultrasound, fine needle puncture and cell samples.

### Treatment for hyperthyroidism
Daily hormone replacement tablets can be given on prescription by a doctor. The dosage varies depending on the individual and needs to be monitored regularly. Hypothyroidism can be a transient condition, which means you may not need to be on medication long term.

### Should I get help for thyroid symptoms?
If you suspect that your symptoms might be thyroid-related, talk to a GP who can perform the tests mentioned above. Your symptoms might have different causes, but a blood test can help determine whether there is a thyroid problem and what treatment is required. Even if thyroid problems are ruled out, a Kry doctor may be able to help by, for example, prescribing a course of therapy or medication to help with symptoms of anxiety or depression.


kry.co.uk > Your health > Thyroid symptoms to check with a doctor

Thyroid symptoms to check with a doctor

200 million people worldwide have some form of thyroid problem – usually hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Here’s a guide to symptoms of each

Thyroid symptoms to check with your doctor | Kry

kry.co.uk > medical reviewer

IMG 20200730 224911 865[33] (1)

Dr Rhianna McClymont

Lead GP at Kry

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is thought to affect between 3 and 5% of school-age children in the UK. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls, and people are usually diagnosed between the ages of 6 and 12. But it can affect adults just as much, although the symptoms aren’t always as clear.

If you struggle with feeling restless, fidgetty, and can’t stay focused when you need to, it’s not necessarily your fault – it could be adult ADHD. Getting medical advice can help you understand more about the condition, and what your symptoms might mean.

## Five adult ADHD symptoms to be aware of

The signs of ADHD can vary from one person to another, but the classic symptoms include: 

#### 1. A short attention span
ADHD inattention is the ‘attention-deficit’ part of the condition. It means someone is easily distracted and finds it hard to concentrate. This may be worse in certain situations – most people with adult ADHD find it naturally hard to stay focused on tasks they find difficult or boring, preferring exciting or fast-moving activities.

#### 2.	Hyperactivity
Hyperactivity in adults is often shown through being very fidgety and unable to sit still, especially where it causes problems in school or work situations. Hyperactive people may find it difficult to wait their turn, often interrupting in conversations, and can be very impulsive, even to the point where it can get them into dangerous situations.

#### 3.	Mood swings
Adults with ADHD often have trouble with mood swings and irritability – it’s easy to get frustrated when you’re finding it difficult to focus. 

#### 4. Difficulty organising your life
ADHD inattention makes it difficult to organise your day and keep on top of things, whether you’re at home or at work. You might also seem quite forgetful, losing keys and missing appointments! 

#### 5.	Extreme impulsiveness
People with ADHD sometimes seem to have a lack of awareness of the dangers of certain situations – adult ADHD is often a cause of dangerous driving, and with taking serious financial or physical risks. 

ADHD is closely linked with some mental health conditions, particularly depression, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This is probably because adults with ADHD can have different patterns of thought that make them more likely to also have one of these conditions. It might also be partly because life with ADHD – particularly before a diagnosis – can cause strain. The condition can affect lots of aspects of a person’s life, including how much they feel they’ve achieved their potential.

## What’s different about ADHD in women?

Girls and boys, women and men, often have differing patterns of ADHD – the reasons for this are not completely clear and are likely to be complex, with unconscious coping mechanisms matching people’s expectations of normal behaviour for each person. Broadly, a man with ADHD may show more of the hyperactive signs, where women with ADHD may struggle more with attention deficit.

The signs of ADHD in women may be less obvious to an onlooker, which can mean women find it harder to get a diagnosis. This might partly explain why there are so many more men than women with a proper diagnosis, though genetic factors also affect a person’s likelihood of developing ADHD. Some things which make it harder to get a diagnosis might include the coping strategies they’ve developed, and their own and other people’s ideas.

## I think I have adult ADHD – should I see a doctor?

Adults with ADHD have often learned coping mechanisms and strategies, so the signs of ADHD can be even more varied, and sometimes quite subtle, in adults. But although ADHD is thought of as a condition affecting young people at school, people who are diagnosed later in life can find that having the diagnosis helps them better understand and manage behaviours and feelings they’ve found troublesome in the past.
A GP will need to know what adult ADHD signs and symptoms you’re worried about, so it can be useful to keep a diary or make a list of symptoms to talk to the doctor about.  

Being aware of the symptoms can help you work out how long you might have had them, which can help a doctor understand the effect the symptoms are having on your life. 

Some ADHD symptoms could also point to some other conditions to do with behaviour and mental health, so consulting a GP is really important. Make sure you’re properly assessed as different conditions might need different treatments or management plans.

ADHD can have a huge effect on a person’s home, school, and work life, so if you’ve got any concerns you should see a GP as soon as you can. Having the right diagnosis can help you get treatment and support which can make all the difference if you and your family are living with ADHD. 


kry.co.uk > Your health > A guide to ADHD in adults

A guide to ADHD in adults

As awareness of ADHD is improving, more and more people are noticing signs of ADHD as an adult. Here’s how to spot ADHD in adults, and what can be done to manage it.

Adult ADHD Signs & Symptoms | Kry

Reviewer > Dr Rhianna

There are many different types of relationships, and what works for some people may not be right for others. But what exactly constitutes a ‘good’ relationship? And what tools do therapists suggest when it comes to finding, building and maintaining a strong relationship?

‘The initial attraction and falling in love — that’s the easy bit,’ says Madeleine Gauffin, Licensed Psychologist and Licensed Psychotherapist at Kry. ‘It’s what happens when the passion and sparkle become less intense that matters.  

‘A strong relationship is where there’s also a deep friendship. So, there should also be respect, trust, empathy, kindness and a willingness to try and understand each other. That’s what builds a deeper connection that lasts beyond the physical.’ 

Here are some practical tools Gauffin suggests to help you build a better relationship.

## 1. Prioritise being kind to each other

Kindness is the number 1 predictor of a good relationship, a study  showed. In the research, being kind to each other — for example, taking turns when looking after children or a pet, and supporting each other through stress — was even more important than sexual attraction, compatibility, wisdom, intelligence and shared values.

When researchers analysed 2,500 long-term (more than 20 years) couples, they found those who reported higher levels of agreeableness (being kind and considerate generally) and lower levels of emotional instability (worrying a lot) were also happier with their relationships.  

## 2. Practice the 5:1 relationship ratio

The 5:1 ratio simply means that in a healthy relationship, for every negative interaction there should be at least 5 positive interactions and it’s a psychological tool used by many therapists.  Examples of negative interactions include being critical, dismissive or defensive or forgetting a special occasion. Examples of positive interactions include showing appreciation, interest, affection and empathy.

## 3. Use these tips to communicate more clearly

‘If you’re not able to communicate effectively with your partner, it can lead to misunderstandings, resentment and conflict,’ says Gauffin.
Here are 5 steps  to help improve communication between couples.

- __Don’t ignore or sweep things under the carpet.__ If there’s something bothering you, talk to your partner about it. By addressing smaller issues along the way, you can prevent damaging resentments from building up.

- __Avoid being accusatory.__ Instead of telling them exactly where they’re going wrong or getting personal, explain how their behaviour makes you feel. For example, rather than saying ‘you’re so selfish, you never tidy up,’ tell them how you feel. For example, ‘When you don’t help with the tidying up, it makes me feel upset and stressed.’

- __Pick the right place and time.__ There’s no point launching into a discussion about something when your partner is about to go into a business meeting. Instead, if you want to bring something up, do so when there’s time, for example, after your evening meal or when you’re out walking together.

- __Make time.__ Whether it’s trying new activities, or just relaxing and having fun together, schedule times when you put everything else aside and focus on each other.

- __Know your boundaries.__ Ideally, this is something you should set early on in the relationship. Having boundaries is about letting others know how you wish to be treated. For example, you may have a boundary about being spoken to with respect. Therefore, it’s important to clearly and calmly state that, rather than expect people to automatically know your limits. 

## 4. Learn to argue more effectively

‘If you’re in a relationship, it’s normal to argue,’ says Gauffin. ‘Arguments enable people to learn from each other and show there’s enough space and trust for you both to stand up for your own needs. It’s how you manage the conflict that counts.’ Here are some guidelines:

- __Try to remain calm.__ Even if you feel emotional. This isn’t always easy and you may have to remind yourself to count to 10, or take a few deep breaths
- __Don’t get personal.__ Keep on topic. If you’re angry because of something they’ve done or said, don’t start to insult your partner or bring up issues from the past
- __Really listen to what they’re saying.__ Even if it’s hard, try to ‘hear’ where they’re coming from. Part of the reason people persist in arguing is that they want to get their point across and make the other person understand how they feel. If you make it clear that you’re listening and empathising with their point of view — even if you don’t agree — it can really help to defuse a situation
- __Use humour to lighten the tension.__ Sometimes, it helps if you can see the funny side

## 5. Be aware of your own history and triggers

If there’s something your partner does or says that always drives you mad, this may be a trigger for something that’s happened in the past that you haven’t dealt with, says Gauffin.

Or, if you’ve always had a tendency to fly into a rage, or get very jealous, in every relationship, these are issues you need to resolve within yourself. If not, you’ll only keep repeating the same patterns of behaviour to the detriment of this relationship and others. 

‘If you are prone to jealousy, for example, you may need to work on building up your self-esteem,’ says Gauffin. ‘This is where talking to a therapist can be useful in helping you to identify issues from your past that may be causing you to react in a certain way. Likewise, if your partner has any issues, it’s not your place to try and fix them.’ A Kry doctor can help you identify any issues that may be triggering your behaviour.

__This article has been approved by Madeleine Gauffin, Licensed Psychologist and Psychotherapist at Kry.__


kry.co.uk > 5 ways to build a stronger relationship — a therapist’s toolkit> button

kry.co.uk > Your health > 15 ways to build a stronger relationship — a therapist’s toolkit

13 ways to build a stronger relationship — a therapist’s toolkit

Boundaries, communication… we all know the foundations for a healthy relationship, but how can we put it all into practice? This guide delivers some of the essential advice therapists suggest to their couple clients, to help build a stronger relationship

kry.co.uk > Your health > 5 ways to build a stronger relationship — a therapist’s toolkit

5 ways to build a stronger relationship — a therapist’s toolkit

kry.co.uk > Family health > Articles 

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